M1 Histology Semester 2 Exam 1

Front 1

What are the main functions of the liver?

Back 1

Producing plasma proteins, degrading toxins, deamination, filtering out spent RBCs, making bile, secreing phospholipids, cholesterol, and IgA. Storing and converitng vitamins and iron. Modifying steroid hormones.

Front 2

What are the sources of blood to the liver?

Back 2

75% hepatic portal vein with absorbed food products from stomach, pancreas, and spleen
35% hepatic artery with oxygen from aorta

Front 3

Where does blood move around and leave the liver?

Back 3

Blood drains into sinusoids and then central venules. Then to hepatic vein.

Front 4

What makes up the angles of the hexagon lobule?

Back 4

Portal triad: hepatic arteriole, portal venule, and bile duct

Front 5

How does bile flow compare to blood flow?

Back 5

It's opposite.

Front 6

What are the parts of the Portal Triad?

Back 6

hepatic portal vein, hepatic arteriole, and bile duct

Front 7

How is the classical hepatic lobule organized?

It is easy to identify with high levels of what substance?

What pathology is associated with this lobule?

Back 7

Around central venule and has portal triads at angles.

CT

central necrosis (central vein related necrosis)

Front 8

How is the portal lobule orientated? What are the benefits?

Back 8

On exocrine function and bile canaliculi drainage. Drain into portal triad.

Front 9

How is the hepatic acinus orientated?

What disease is associated?

Back 9

Blood supply
based on gradients of oxygen and nutrients
higher oxygen near hepatic artery

lower oxygen near the central venule which can lead to centilobular necrosis.

Front 10

What are the main structural units of parenchyma?

Back 10

hepatocytes

Front 11

What are the 5 types of liver cells?

Back 11

Hepatocyte- lateral domain borders bile canaliculi. contains microvilli

Sinusoidal endothelial cells- discontinuous basal lamina

Kupffer- macrophages found in space of Disse and lumen of sinusoid, recycle old RBC components

Ito cells- store fat, vit A, called hepatic stellae in space of Disse, and APC

Pericytes- in perisnusoidal space, may be stem cells

Front 12

What forms canaliculi?

Back 12

right junctions between hepatocytes

Front 13

What are the functions of hepatocytes?

Back 13

glycogen granules (glucose reserves)
abundant RER
abundant SER
numerous peroxisomes
mitochondria

Front 14

What are examples of bile?

Back 14

cholesterol, pgiments, emulsifying salts, bicarbonate, and gluurondiated products

Front 15

What is the space of Disse?

Back 15

buffer zone between hepatocytes and blood plasma? Zone permits microvilli to absorb things

Front 16

What are the functions of the tongue?

Back 16

Guide food for mastication and deglutition (swallowing)
Essential for taste (taste buds)
Responds to pressure, temperature and pain
Vital for speech

Front 17

Which part of the tongue has lymphatic tissue?

Back 17

lingual tonsil

Front 18

What is the function of lingual papillae?

Back 18

Prehension and mastication
Gustation (taste); taste buds

Front 19

Which side of the mucosa is keratinized?

Back 19

dorsal

Front 20

What are the four types of papillae?

Back 20

Lingual (tongue-like) papillae
Filiform papillae: --smallest; most numerous; conical elongated projections; highly keratinized stratified epithelium; no taste buds
Fungiform papillae: --mushroom-shaped projections; scattered distribution, but mostly at the tip or sides; visible as small dots; taste buds on the dorsal surface
Foliate papillae: --parallel low ridges separated by deep mucosal clefts on tongue's lateral edge; many taste buds in the epithelium of the facing walls of neighboring papillae; small serous glands empty into the clefts
Circumvallate papillae: --3-14 large dome-shaped; anterior to the sulcus terminalis; invagination with numerous taste buds; ducts of lingual salivary glands empty to the base

Front 21

Describe the position of serous glands and taste buds in foliate papillae?

Back 21

Serous glands open into base
Taste buds along the sides of the furrow walls

Front 22

Describe vallate papillae?

Back 22

Surrounded by sulcus (cleft)
Not elevated
Serous glands open into base
Nice home for bacteria

Front 23

Where are taste buds?

Back 23

Children have more (cheek + maybe inside lip)
On fungiform, vallate, foliate papillae
Also on soft palate and epiglottis

Front 24

How often are taste buds replaced?

Back 24

10 days

Front 25

Where are most taste buds?

Back 25

back of tongue

Front 26

Each neurotransmitter tellls a different __________

Back 26

taste

Front 27

What is the difference between taste and flavor?

Back 27

Taste is a chemical reaction
Flavor is a perception or brain interpretation
Influenced by olfactory input

Front 28

What do ameloblasts secrete?

Back 28

enamel

Front 29

What do ondontoblasts secrete?

Back 29

dentin

Front 30

What is dentin?

Back 30

Flexible inner part of tooth

Front 31

Cementum?

Back 31

less mineralized lower portion that allows for movement

Front 32

What does the dental papilla become?

Back 32

dental pulp

Front 33

What does serous glands secrete? Mucus?

Back 33

protein
mucin

Front 34

What is the point of the striated duct?

Back 34

removes Na via ATP channels --> concentration of saliva

Front 35

What is the parotid nmandibular, and sublingual secretory unit difference?

Back 35

serous, mixed, and mostly mucus

Front 36

Where can you find a myoepithelial cell?

Back 36

around acini in saliva only

Front 37

What collects chylomicrons in the jejunum?

Back 37

lacteals

Front 38

What gland is in the duodenum, but not the jejunum?

Back 38

brunners

Front 39

What area can potentially have the heaviest peyer's patches?

Back 39

ileum

Front 40

What are herring bodies?

Back 40

Herring bodies, areas that store
neurohormones, antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Front 41

What are the pituicytes of the neurohypophysis?

Back 41

Pituicytes are the support cells;
these are highly branched glial
cells

Front 42

What is the imoprtance of iodine?

Back 42

contained in T3/T4