M1 Histo: Gi System

Front 1

All areas of the GI tract have basically the same 4 histological layers. Name em and their components.

Back 1

Mucosa (comprised of epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa)
Submucosa (classified as dense irregular CT, Meissner's plexi)
Muscularis externa (inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle w/ Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus between the layers.
Adventitia (dense irregular CT, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerve fibers) p. 169,70

Front 2

Which component of the GI tract mucosa is avascular and sits on a basement membrane?
A. Epithelium
B. Lamina propria
C. Muscularis mucosa

Back 2

A. Epithleium
p. 169

Front 3

This layer of the GI tract is composed of collagen and elastic fibers, has occasional areas of diffuse and nodular lymphoid tissue, can contain exocrine glands, and contains small blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.
A. Adventitia
B Epithelium
C. Lamina propria
D. Muscularis externa
E. Muscularis mucosa
F. Submucosa

Back 3

C. Lamina propria (of mucosa layer)
p. 169

Front 4

The _______'s contractions helps empty glands of mucosa and helps transport material along the GI tract tube.
A. Adventitia
B Epithelium
C. Lamina propria
D. Muscularis externa
E. Muscularis mucosa
F. Submucosa

Back 4

E. Muscularis mucosa

p. 169

Front 5

This component of the mucosa has its greatest relative thickness in the esophagus.
A. Adventitia
B Epithelium
C. Lamina propria
D. Muscularis externa
E. Muscularis mucosa
F. Submucosa

Back 5

E. Muscularis mucosa
p. 169

Front 6

This layer of mucosa is innervated by post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating from Meissner's plexus.
A. Epithelium
B. Lamina propria
C. Muscularis mucosa

Back 6

C. Muscularis mucosa
p. 169

Front 7

Which GI tract histological layer has the following characteristics:
- classified as dense irregular CT
- large plexi of blood vessels and lymphatics, nerves and Meissner's plexi (pre-ganglionic fibers from Vagus nerve)

Back 7

Submucosa
p. 169

Front 8

In what two areas of the GI tract are there glands in the submucosa?

Back 8

The submucosa ONLY has glands in two areas of the GI tract: dudodenum and esophagus.
p. 169-70

Front 9

True or False:
There are glands in the submucosa of the pancreatic and duodenal organs.

Back 9

FALSE. The submucosa glands only occur in the duodenum and esophagus.
p. 169

Front 10

Name the layers of the GI tract from innermost to outermost. Include the components of the mucosa.

Back 10

"MUCOSA" = epithelium --> lamina propria --> muscualris mucosa --> SUBMUCOSA --> MUSCULARIS EXTERNA --> ADVENTITIA
p. 169

Front 11

The muscularis externa is formed of smooth muscle except in [where]?

Back 11

the upper esophagus. There it is actually some skeletal muscle!

p. 170

Front 12

True or False:
Muscularis externa is innervated by post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating from Meissner's plexus.

Back 12

FALSE. originates from Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus located between its two muscle layers.
p. 170

Front 13

Which GI histological layer has these features?
- Has inner circular and outer longitudinal layers.
- Innervated by post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating from Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus
- functions mainly inperistalsis

Back 13

Muscularis externa.
p. 170

Front 14

Which layer does this describe:
Function is conduction, absorption and secretion in the GI tract.
A. Adventitia
B Epithelium
C. Lamina propria
D. Muscularis externa
E. Muscularis mucosa
F. Submucosa

Back 14

B Epithelium
p. 169

Front 15

Which layer does this describe:
Innervated by post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating from Meissner's plexus.
A. Adventitia
B Epithelium
C. Lamina propria
D. Muscularis externa
E. Muscularis mucosa
F. Submucosa

Back 15

E. Muscularis mucosa
p. 169

Front 16

Which layer does this describe:
Functions mainly in peristalsis
A. Adventitia
B Epithelium
C. Lamina propria
D. Muscularis externa
E. Muscularis mucosa
F. Submucosa

Back 16

D. Muscularis externa
maintains tonus and propels food onward. Circular layer controls caliber of lumen, also churns and propels food along. Longitudinal muscle contraction shortens tube locally.
p. 170

Front 17

Which layer does this describe:
When covered with visceral peritoneum is called a serosa.
A. Adventitia
B Epithelium
C. Lamina propria
D. Muscularis externa
E. Muscularis mucosa
F. Submucosa

Back 17

A. Adventitia
p. 170

Front 18

Which layer does this describe:
Innervated by post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating from Auerbach's (myenteric) plexus.
A. Adventitia
B Epithelium
C. Lamina propria
D. Muscularis externa
E. Muscularis mucosa
F. Submucosa

Back 18

D. Muscularis externa

Myenteric plexus is located between the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers of the muscualris externa layer.
p. 170

Front 19

The myenteric plexus innervates [ muscularis externis / muscularis mucosa ] while the Meissner's plexus innervates [ muscularis externis / muscularis mucosa ].

Back 19

Myenteric plexus = muscularis externis
Meissner's plexus = muscularis mucosa

Front 20

True or False:
The entirety of the esophagus is intrathoracic.

Back 20

False. The first ~10 inches are, but the last ~ 1 inch has visceral peritoneum becuase it does jut into the peritoneal cavity a little bit.
p. 170

Front 21

Regarding the esophagus' innervation, the smooth muscle layers are innervated by..... while the vascular smooth muscle is innervated by.... and the skeletal muscle by.....
A. efferent fibers of Vagus nerve
B. postganglionic parasympathetics from Meissner's and Auerbach's plexi
C. postganglionic parasympathetics from cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunks

Back 21

B, C, A respectively
SMOOTH MUSCLE = postganglionic parasympathetics from Meissner's and Auerbach's plexi
VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE = postganglionic parasympathetics from cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunks
SKELETAL MUSCLE= efferent fibers of Vagus nerve
p. 170

Front 22

True or False:
The esophagus functions as purely a food conveyor from oropharynx to stomach. It does not secrete mucus for lubrication of food.

Back 22

False. Yes it functions to convey food, but it does have glands that secrete mucus for lubrication!
p. 170

Front 23

In the esophagus, the muscularis mucosa is mostly
A. circularly oriented
B. thickest in the upper portion due to skeletal muscle
C. innervated by postganglionic fibers from Auerbach's plexus
D. occurs in discreet bundles in the upper portion

Back 23

D. occurs in discreet bundles in the upper portion
p. 170

Front 24

In the esophagus, which histological layer
- contributes to large longitudinal folds of the esophagus that smooth out during swallowing
- contains compound tubuloalveolar, mucus secreting

Back 24

submucosa
p. 171

Front 25

What kind of glands are in the esophagus' submucosa?

Back 25

compound tubuloalveolar glands that secrete mucus!
p. 171

Front 26

Which histological layer of the esophagus "determines" the level of histological section? How so?

Back 26

The muscularis externa. Upper 1/3 is composed of almost all skeletal muscle. Middle 1/3 is composed of a mix of smooth and skeletal muscle. Lowest 1/3 is composed only of smooth muscle. p.171

Front 27

True or False:
The esophageal-stomach junction's anatomical sphincter prevents regurgitation of the stomach contents.

Back 27

FALSE. There is an anatomical sphincter here, but it is not anatomical, it is physiological.
p. 171

Front 28

Which three things were given as examples that relax the sphincter and can help one feel less "full" after a meal?

Back 28

Alcohol, nicotine, peppermint.
p. 171

Front 29

In the esophagus' muscularis externa layer, the smooth muscle is innervated by .... and skeletal muscle by....

Back 29

SMOOTH MUSCLE = postganglionic parasympathetics from Auerbach's plexus
SKELETAL MUSCLE = spinal nerves
p. 171

Front 30

Which histological layer of the esophagus does this describe?
- intrathoracic portion blends with surrounding dense irregular CT
- below diaphragm covered with visceral peritoneum

Back 30

adventitia
p. 171

Front 31

The stomach acidifies and converts swallowed food into a viscous fluid called __________.

Back 31

chyme
p .171

Front 32

True or False:
The esophagus' mucosa produces digestive enzymes.

Back 32

FALSE. Just lubricating mucosa.
p. 170

Front 33

What are the four gross anatomic divisions and three histological divisions of the stomach?

Back 33

4 gross: cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric
3 histo: cardiac, fundic (fundus + body area), pyloric
based on gland structure
p. 172

Front 34

True or False:
There are no sharp divisions between the stomach's three histological areas.

Back 34

True. The three areas (cardiac, fundic, pyloric) all differ with respect to gland structure but there is no distinct demarcation where one area begins and another stops. p. 172

Front 35

What are rugae?

Back 35

Rugae are large longitudinal folds formed by the mucosa and submucosa in the stomach. They are most prominent when the stomach is empty.

Front 36

In the stomach, the rugae are formed by which histological layer(s)?

Back 36

mucosa and submucosa
p. 172

Front 37

In the esophageal-gastric junction, there is an abrupt change from _______ to _______ regarding the epithelium.
A. stratified simple squamous to simple columnar cells
B. stratified cuboidal to simple columnar cells
C. stratified simple squamous to stratified columnar cells

Back 37

A. stratified simple squamous to simple columnar cells
p. 172

Front 38

The stomach's mucosa has ______ ,which are fine furrows lined by simple columnar epithelium that that lead into / forms sheet glands which are all mucus secreting.
A. gastric pits
B. rugae

Back 38

gastric pits
p. 172

Front 39

True or False:
Stomach's mucosa is acidic to aid in digestion of food boluses.

Back 39

FALSE. The mucus is actually basic to counteract the acidity! The basic pH forms protective barrier from strong acidity of stomach content. Cells are continuously sloughed off and survive only ~ 3 days. p.172

Front 40

True or False:
The glands of the stomach are all simple, branched tubular glands that occupy the entire thickness of the mucosa.

Back 40

True! All three types of glands in the stomach (gastric glands = cardiac, fundic, pyloric glands) are all simple, branched tubular glands that tend to occupy the entire thickness of mucosa. They differ in the proportion of neck, body and base lengths.
p. 172

Front 41

Identify the parts of the gastric gland diagrammed.

Back 41

Front 42

Each gastric gland can be divied up into three parts. What are those parts?

Back 42

Neck, body, and base.
p. 172

Front 43

All gastric glands are classified as...

Back 43

simple branched tubular glands
p. 172

Front 44

What histological layer component occupies the space between the gastric glands and gastric pits?

Back 44

Lamina propria
p. 172

Front 45

Which gastric gland does this describe:
- length of gland approximately equal to depth of pit
- composed of mostly mucus secreting cells with few parietal and enteroendocrine cells
- primary function is to produce a protective mucus secretion

Back 45

Cardiac glands
p. 173

Front 46

Which gastric gland does this describe:
- one or more open into each gastric pit, short pits and deep glands
- are closely packed and orientated perpendicular to surface
- are major source of gastric juice
- composed of mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells

Back 46

Fundic glands
p. 173

Front 47

Which gastric gland does this describe:
- pit seems much longer than gland
- gland is simple, branched tubular which are very coiled
- composed completely of mucus secreting cells with a few parietal cells and enteroendocrine cells

Back 47

Pyloric glands
p. 174

Front 48

Regarding gastric glands, identify each by
A. the pit length: gland length
B. the cells they are composed of
C. their main function(s)

Back 48

A. Cardiac gland length: 1:1, Fundic gland: short pits, deep glands , Pyloric gland: deep pits, short glands
B. Both cardiac and pyloric glands are mostly mucus secreting with few parietal and enteroendocrine cells. Fundic glands are composed mucus cells primarily in the neck region and then parietal cells in the upper region, chief cells predominantly in the lower half of glands, and enteroendocrine cells at base of glands
C. Cardiac: protective mucus secretion, Fundic: major source of gastric juice, Pyloric: protective mucus p. 174

Front 49

Regarding gastric glands, identify each by the following:
A. deep pits, short glands
B. short pits, deep glands
C. Pit and gland length roughly equal

Back 49

A. pyloric gland
B. fundic gland
C. cardiac gland
p. 174

Front 50

This gastric gland is composed of mucus cells primarily in the neck region and then parietal cells in the upper region, chief cells predominantly in the lower half of glands, and enteroendocrine cells at base of the gland.

Back 50

Fundic gland
p. 174

Front 51

The fundic gland is composed of various cells at different points of the gland. Where is each?
- chief cells
- enteroendocrine cells
- mucus cells
-parietal cells

Back 51

The fundic gland is composed of mucus cells primarily in the neck region and then parietal cells in the upper region, chief cells predominantly in the lower half of glands, and enteroendocrine cells at base of the gland. p.174

Front 52

The mucous neck cells in fundic glands produce what?
A. acidic mucous secretion
B. gastric intrinsic factor
C. gastrin
D. pepsinogen
E. serotonin

Back 52

mucous neck cells, located in the neck area of the gland, produce
A. acidic mucous secretion

This appears basophilic with H&E stain (dark purple/blue color). p. 173

Front 53

The parietal cells in fundic glands secrete what?
A. acidic mucous secretion
B. gastric intrinsic factor
C. gastrin
D. pepsinogen
E. serotonin

Back 53

B. gastric intrinsic factor

This appears acidophilic with H&E stain. p. 174

Front 54

The chief cells in fundic glands secrete what?
A. acidic mucous secretion
B. gastric intrinsic factor
C. gastrin
D. pepsinogen
E. serotonin

Back 54

D. pepsinogen

This appears basophilic with H&E stain (dark purple/ blue color). p. 174

Front 55

The enteroendocrine cells in fundic glands secrete what?
A. acidic mucous secretion
B. gastric intrinsic factor
C. gastrin
D. pepsinogen
E. serotonin

Back 55

sometimes C. gastrin & sometimes E. serotonin

This has variable staining with H&E.

Note: Gastrin stiulates secretions of chief and parietal cells and increases gastric motility. Serotonin triggers contraction of smooth muscle of blood vessels which eventually leads to a slowing of gastric activity. p. 174

Front 56

What gland do these come from and what are their respective effects?
A. acidic mucous secretion
B. gastric intrinsic factor
C. gastrin
D. pepsinogen
E. serotonin

Back 56

A. acidic mucous secretion = fundic gland; protective
B. gastric intrinsic factor = fundic gland's parietal cells; binds to vitB12 and allows it to be absorbed into small intestine
C. gastrin = fundic gland's enteroendocrine cells; stimulates secretion of chief and parietal cells, increases gastric motility
D. pepsinogen = fundic gland's chief cells; important enzyme in digestion of proteins
E. serotonin = fundic gland's enteroendocrine cells; triggers contraction of smooth muscle of blood vessels, leads to slowing of gastric activity p. 174

Front 57

What gastric gland releases gastric intrinsic factor and what does it do?

Back 57

gastric intrinsic factor = fundic gland's parietal cells; binds to vitB12 and allows it to be absorbed into small intestine. Lack of this or B12 vitamin causes pernicious anemia. p. 174

Front 58

Lack of what can cause pernicious anemia?

Back 58

Lack of gastric intrinsic factor or B12 vitamin causes pernicious anemia. gastric intrinsic factor = fundic gland's parietal cells; binds to vitB12 and allows it to be absorbed into small intestine. p. 174

Front 59

What gastric gland releases gastrin and serotonin?

Back 59

Fundic gland's enteroendocrin cells
p. 174

Front 60

What gastric gland releases pepsinogen?

Back 60

pepsinogen = fundic gland's chief cells; important enzyme in digestion of proteins p. 174

Front 61

Which cell in the fundic gland matches the description:
- have secretory canaliculus that increases surface area
contain an abundance of mitchondria
- secrete HCl
- greater proportion of these cells is in upper part of glands

Back 61

parietal cells
p. 174

Front 62

Which cell in the fundic gland matches the description:
- dominant cell type is in the lower half of glands
have zymogen granules in their apical cytoplasm

Back 62

chief cells
these also secrete pepsinogen which is an important enzme in the digestion of proteins
p. 174

Front 63

Which cell in the fundic gland matches the description:
- a collection of at least 12 different cell types each of which secrete a specific endocrine hormone.
- their secretions enter blood or affect adjacent cells

Back 63

enteroendocrine cells
these are found mostly in bases of glands
p. 174

Front 64

In the stomach, the muscularis externa has how many layers? How are they arranged?

Back 64

THREE (usually has just two - inner circular and outer longitudinal). The third layer is added to the innermost area and is an oblique one.

Pyloric sphincter is formed by middle circular layer, Auerbach's plexus is between the circular and longitudinal layers still p. 174

Front 65

The small intestine is approximately _____ feet long. How long are the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, repsectively?

Back 65

~ 21 feet long total. Duodenum is 1 ft long, Jejunum 8 feet, Ileum 12 feet. p. 176

Front 66

The small intestines have structural specializations that increase the surface area 500-fold.
Plica circulares increase the surface area ____ times.
Intestinal Villi increase the surface area ____ times.
Microvilli increase the surface area _____ times.

Back 66

Plica circulares = 2-3x
Intestinal villi = 10x
Microvilli = 20x
p. 176

Front 67

[ plica circulares / intestinal villi / microvilli ] are permanent folds, involve mucosa and submucosa, and increase surface area 2-3 times.

Back 67

Plica circulares
p. 176

Front 68

[ plica circulares / intestinal villi / microvilli ] are finger-like projections 0.5-1.5 mm high, have a core of lamina propria and increase surface area 10 times.

Back 68

Intestinal villi
p. 176

Front 69

[ plica circulares / intestinal villi / microvilli ] are on absorptive cells and increase surface area 20 times.

Back 69

Microvilli
p. 176

Front 70

True or False:
Intestinal villi, permanent evaginations of the mucosa, are diagnostic for small intestines.

Back 70

True

They are covered with absorptive cells and goblet cells and have lacteals (blind-ended lymphatic channels in lamina propria core of villi. p. 176

Front 71

True or False:
Lacteals are important in absorption of products of lipid digestion.

Back 71

True.
p. 176

Front 72

Intestinal glands are composed of four cell types. Name em.

Back 72

Goblet cells, absorptive cells, Paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells.
p. 176

Front 73

In the small intestine, lymphatic nodules are scattered along the tract. Their nodular aggregates are known as:
A. crypts of Lieberkuhn
B. Paneth patches
C. Peyer's patches

Back 73

C. Peyer's patches
p. 176

Front 74

Which cell type is the dominant one in the small intestines?
A. Enterocytes (Intestinal epithelial cells)
B. Enteroendocrine cells
C. Goblet cells
D. Mucous neck cells
E. Parietal cells

Back 74

A. Enterocytes (Intestinal epithelial cells) - these are ABSORPTIVE, tall columnar cells with a brush border p. 177

Front 75

Enterocytes are intestinal epithelial cells, the dominant cell type in the small intestine. Which of the following is FALSE regarding it?
A. It is tall columnar cell with a brush border
B. It has a well-developed glycocalyx which has enzymes that help convert pancreatic proenzymes inton active forms
C. cells are bound together by junctional complexes
D. responsible for the absorption of protein, carbohydrate and lipid digestions
E. none are false

Back 75

E. none are false

p. 177

Front 76

How are the following absorbed in the small intestine?
A. proteins
B. carbohydrates
C. Lipids

Back 76

A. proteins = as amino acids, via blood
B. carbs = as monosaccharides via blood
C. as monoglycerides and fatty acids emulsified as bile, via lacteals
p. 177

Front 77

This cell type of the small intestine produces mucinogen which when released and mixed with water, creates mucus.
A. Enterocytes
B. Goblet cells
C. Paneth cells
D. Enteroendocrine cells

Back 77

B. Goblet cells
p. 178

Front 78

True or False:
The relative proportion of goblet cells decreases as you move distally along the GI tract.

Back 78

FALSE. Their proportion increases as you move along, though they never quite become THE dominant ones. p. 178

Front 79

This small intestine cell type is found in bases of intestinal glands and contains large eosinophilic granules and secret lysozyme.
A. Enterocytes
B. Goblet cells
C. Paneth cells
D. Enteroendocrine cells

Back 79

C. Paneth cells
p. 178

Front 80

Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine include a variety of cell types which are stimulated to release hormones in response to chyme entering the dudenum from the stomach. It also secretes _____ triggered by the acidity of chyme, whose function is to secrete bicarbonate made by centroacinar cells of the pancreas.

Back 80

Secretin
p. 178

Front 81

What cell of the small intestine secretes secretin and CCK?

Back 81

Enteroendocrine cell
p. 178-9

Front 82

True or False:
Secretin's release is triggered by fatty acids and L-amino acids in the duodenum. This hormone stimulates release of secretory granules by pancreatic acinar cells and stimulates contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the gall bladder.

Back 82

FALSE. This is actually describing CCK (cholecystokin)
p. 179

Front 83

Plicae circulares are permanent ridges in the small intestine formed by what histological layers?

Back 83

mucosa and submucosa
p. 179

Front 84

True or False:
Plicae circulares are permanent ridges in the small intestine found only in the first 2/3.

Back 84

True
p. 179

Front 85

The duodenum has submucosal glands called... what do they produce and secrete? What stimulates them to secrete?

Back 85

Duodenal glands of Brunner, produce alkaline mucus (for protection), and are stimulated to secrete by acidic chyme entering duodenum p. 179

Front 86

CCK (cholecystokinin) stimulates release of secretory granules by ________ and also stimulates contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the ________.

Back 86

secretory granule release by pancreatic acinar cells ; contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the gall bladder p. 179

Front 87

True or False:
The large intestine does not have plicae or villi.

Back 87

True! Histologically, mucosa has a smooth surface and there are no plicae or villi.
p. 180

Front 88

What is the function of the large intestine?

Back 88

Dehydration of luminal contents (ie. water recovery) and vitamin absorption.
p. 180

Front 89

True or False:
The large intestine's intestinal glands are classified as simply tubular glands.

Back 89

True.
p. 180

Front 90

The appendix mucosa resembles the large intestine in the respect that it....

Back 90

has no villi or plicae. In addition, like the small intestine and colon, it has simple tubular glands; prominent and numerous lymphoid nodulesas in both small intestine and colon. p. 181

Front 91

True or False:
The rectum has simple tubular glands that are short and irregular, but otherwise the same as the large intestine.

Back 91

True
p. 181

Front 92

The distal part of the rectum has 5-10 longitudinal columns called...

Back 92

the anal columns of Morgagni. At the end of those colums is the pectinate line which marks the end of the rectum muscularis externae. There is no taeniae coli. p. 181
p. 181

Front 93

The junction of the rectum and anal canal is called the ...

Back 93

pectinate line
p. 181

Front 94

True or False:
At the pectinate line, the muscularis mucosa disappears.

Back 94

True
p. 181

Front 95

At the pectinate line, the hemorrhoidal venous plexus lies in which histological layer of the GI tract?

Back 95

Mucosa's lamina priopria.
p. 181

Front 96

At the pectinate line, the inner circular layer of muscularis externa [ forms the inner anal sphincter / forms the outer anal sphincter / disappears ] while the outer longitudinal layer [ forms the inner anal sphincter / forms the outer anal sphincter / disappears ].

Back 96

Inner circular layer = internal anal sphincter ; outer longitudinal layer disappears. p. 181

Front 97

Which organ of the GI tract does this describe: compound acinar gland lies retroperitoneal near duodenum, has slight regenerative capacity.

Back 97

Pancreas p. 182

Front 98

True or False: The anus is lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Back 98

True!
p. 182

Front 99

The anus has an external anal sphincter formed by skeletal muscle and under control of what nerves?

Back 99

spinal nerves!
p. 182

Front 100

The pancreas is both and exocrine and endocrine gland. How so?

Back 100

Exocrine component = compound acinar gland, secretion dependent upon hormones from the intestinal enteroendocrine cells (secretin and CCK) ; endocrine component = islet of Langerhands, hormonal secretions play role in carbohydrate metabolism p. 182

Front 101

Iselts of Langerhans are scattered throughout the pancreas. Islets of Langerhans are made of three different cells. Name em and what they make.

Back 101

Beta cells: most common in islet, make insulin. Alpha cells: next most common, make glucagon. Delta cels: makes somatostatin p. 183

Front 102

True or False:
The exocrine pancreas is a purely serous gland.

Back 102

True! Made of acini as the main functional units. Secretory product of acinar cells include: trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, DNAse, RNAse, amylase, lipase. Release of enzymes dependent on CCK secreted by intestinal enteroendocrine cell. p. 183

Front 103

This is the first part of the pancreatic duct system at the center of acini, granules are released into this space.
A. centroacinar cells
B. excretory ducts
C. intercalated ducts
D. secretory canaliculi
E. interlobular ducts

Back 103

D. secretory canaliculi
p. 184

Front 104

This is the part of the pancreatic duct system that is still within the acini but involves the first non-acinar cell of the duct system. It lines the initial smallest part of intercalated ducts and can be squamous or cuboidal in shape.
A. centroacinar cells
B. excretory ducts
C. intercalated ducts
D. secretory canaliculi
E. interlobular ducts

Back 104

A. centroacinar cells
p. 184

Front 105

This part of the pancreas duct system lies within pancreatic lobules and are lined by simple cuboidal and low columnar epithelium.
A. centroacinar cells
B. excretory ducts
C. intercalated ducts
D. secretory canaliculi
E. interlobular ducts

Back 105

C. intercalated ducts
p. 184

Front 106

This part of the pancreatic duct lies in CT septa and has simple or stratified columnar epithlium.
A. centroacinar cells
B. excretory ducts
C. intercalated ducts
D. secretory canaliculi
E. interlobular ducts

Back 106

E. interlobular ducts
p. 184

Front 107

This part of the pancreas duct system lies in the CT septa and has stratified columnar epithleium.
A. centroacinar cells
B. excretory ducts
C. intercalated ducts
D. secretory canaliculi
E. interlobular ducts
F. none of the above

Back 107

F. none of the above.... it is excretory duct

p. 184

Front 108

What are the two main ducts that empty into the duodenum?

Back 108

Main pancreatic duct (of Wirsung) opens into duodenum at the papilla (ampulla of Vater) whose opening is controlled by a sphincter (of Oddi) ; accessory duct (of Santorini) p. 184

Front 109

The liver receives a large volume of blood via two vessels. What are they?

Back 109

Portal vein, Hepatic artery.
p. 185

Front 110

Which portion of the GI tract is responsible for metabolizing products of digestion, storing glucose and detoxifying?

Back 110

Liver
p. 185

Front 111

True or False:
The liver, like the pancreas, functions as an exocrine and endocrine gland.

Back 111

True! The liver synthesizes bile (exocrine) and synthesizes plasma proteins (endocrine).
p. 185

Front 112

Regarding liver lobulation, the basic lobule is a hexagon with ______ at the center and a ________ at each corner.

Back 112

central vein in center; portal canal at each corner.
p. 185

Front 113

Describe the blood flow through the liver lobule. (As in enters from... flows through.... to get to...)

Back 113

Blood enters lobule from terminal branches of the portal vein and hepatic artery and flows through the sinusoids to the central vein. p. 185

Front 114

Three definitions of loublation patterns exist to help explain the anatomy and function of the liver:
Classical hepatic lobule, Portal lobule, Liver acinus. Describe each.

Back 114

Classical hepatic lobule hexagon with portal canals at each corner, one central vein in middle. Based on blood flow. Portal lobule (corresponds to exocrine gland function) - a triangle with central vein at each corner and portal canal at center. Based on bile flow. Liver acinus - diamond shaped. Tissue supplied by terminal branch of portal vein and hepatic artery and drained by initial segment of bile duct system. Two central veins and two portal canals involved with two adjacent classical lobules. p. 185

Front 115

Which liver lobulation pattern does this describe:
- Based on blood flow.
- portal canals at each corner, one central vein in middle.

Back 115

Classical hepatic louble. p. 185

Front 116

Which liver lobulation pattern does this describe:
- Based on bile flow.
- triangle with central vein at each corner and portal canal at center

Back 116

Portal lobule p. 185

Front 117

Which lobulation pattern does this describe:
- diamond shaped.
- Tissue supplied by terminal branch of portal vein and hepatic artery and drained by initial segment of bile duct system.
- Two central veins and two portal canals involved with two adjacent classical lobules. p. 185

Back 117

Liver acinus

p. 186

Front 118

Portal canal is formed of connective tissue plus blood vessels and ducts. The hepatic artery brings in [ 30% / 70% ] of the blood to liver and carries [ deoxygenated / oxygenated ] blood and brings products of [ carbohydrate and protein digestion absorbed by small intestine / fat digestion absorbed by small intestine to liver].

Back 118

Hepatic artery = 30% , oxygenated blod, products of fat digestion absorbed by small intestine to liver.
p. 186

Front 119

Portal canal is formed of connective tissue plus blood vessels and ducts. The portal vein brings in [ 30% / 70% ] of the blood to liver and carries [ deoxygenated / oxygenated ] blood and brings products of [ carbohydrate and protein digestion absorbed by small intestine / fat digestion absorbed by small intestine to liver].

Back 119

portal vein = 70% , deoxygenated but carries products of carbohydrate and protein digestion absorbed by small intestine. p. 186

Front 120

The bile duct is formed of what type of epithelium?
A. simple columnar
B. simple cuboidal
C. simple squamous

Back 120

B. simple cuboidal

p. 186

Front 121

True or False:
Hepatocytes are six-sided cells with two free surfaces and four associated with other hepatocytes.

Back 121

True
p. 187

Front 122

Regarding hepatocyte intercellular relationships, _____ is between the free surface of hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells. It contains blood plasma and microvilli of hepatocytes and is an area of exchange of metabolites.
A. bile cannaliculi
B. cell junctions
C. space of Disse

Back 122

C. space of Disse
p. 187

Front 123

Regarding hepatocyte intercellular relationships, _____ is the dilated space between adjacent hepatocytes and form the first components of bile pathways.
A. bile cannaliculi
B. cell junctions
C. space of Disse

Back 123

A. bile cannaliculi
p. 187

Front 124

Regarding hepatocyte intercellular relationships, _____ is how adjacent hepatocytes are joined together by a pair of zonule occludens junctions with bile canaliculi between.
A. bile cannaliculi
B. cell junctions
C. space of Disse

Back 124

B. cell junctions
p. 187

Front 125

Almost half the cells in this part of the GI tract are binucleate or polyploid with one or more prominent nucleoli.

Back 125

Liver
p. 188

Front 126

True or False:
Hepatic sinusoids are a type of discontinuous capillary.

Back 126

True.
p. 189

Front 127

Hepatic sinusoids have a zonation pattern with respect to oxygenation, nutrition and disease. Name the three zones and describe them.

Back 127

Zone of permanent function- most metabolicaly active and least suceptible.
Zone of varying activity - variable metabolic activity.
Zone of permanent repose - least metabolically active and most suceptible to damage. p. 189

Front 128

______ are resident macrophages of the liver, lie on endothelium and are exposed to blood in lumen of sinusoids to filter out debris in plasma.

Back 128

Kupffer cells
p. 189

Front 129

______ drain sinusoids, they eventually come together to form two or more hepatic veins and later join with the IVC.

Back 129

central veins
p. 189

Front 130

Put the following components of the bile passageway in order:
A. Bile canaliculi
B. Canals of Hering
C. Hepatic duct
D. Intrahepatic bile ducts

Back 130

A. --> D. (of which B. is a part of ) --> C.

Bile cannaliculi --> intrahpatic bile ducts (canals of Hering, ducts of portal canals) --> hepatic duct formed from fusion of large bile ducts from different hepatic lobules. Joins with cystic duct from gallbladder to form common bile duct. p. 189

Front 131

The gall bladder's function is to...

Back 131

store and concentrate bile. Bile emulsifies fat.
p. 190

Front 132

True or False:
The epithelium of the pancreas is identified as "pseudodiverticulae". Due to the convoluted architecture, it resembles glands.

Back 132

FALSE. Pseudodiverticular belongs to the epithelium of the GALLBLADDER! p. 190

Front 133

Under influence of what hormone from what cell does the gallbladder contract to send bile down?

Back 133

CCK from enteroendocrine cells
p.190

Front 134

Which part of the GI tract histologically has a diagnostic honeycomb look (deep invaginations)?

A. Colon
B. Gallbladder
C. Liver
D. Pancreas
E. Small Intestines

Back 134

B. Gallbladder
from Lecture III