M1-C4-L6 --> Complements

Front 1

What mediates the activation of complement proteins of the immune system?

Back 1

Microbial surfaces or by antibody-antigen complexes.

Front 2

What are the three complement activation pathways?

Back 2

1. Classical
2. MB-Lectin
3. Alternative

Front 3

In classical activation pathway, what causes C1s to become an activated enzyme?

Back 3

Binding of C1q, C1r, and C1s to antigen and IgG (or IgM)

Front 4

In classical activation pathway, what does C1s active enzyme do?

Back 4

Cleaves C2 in to C2a and C2b.
Cleaves C4 in to C4a and C4b.

Front 5

In classical activation pathway, what cleaves C3?

Back 5

C4b2a enzyme

Front 6

What is the C3 convertase in Classical activation pathway?

Back 6

C4b2a

Front 7

In classical pathway, what happens to C3 convertase after it cleaves C3?

Back 7

Binds with C3b to form C4b2a3b.

Front 8

In classical pathway, what does C4b2a3b do?

Back 8

Cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b

Front 9

What is similar about all three pathways?

Back 9

C5b will recruit C6, C7, C8, and C9 into a self-assembled complex. C9 of this complex will "drill" a transmembrane pore inducing cell lysis.

Front 10

In classical pathway, what is the C5 convertase?

Back 10

C4b2a3b

Front 11

In classical pathway, what is required?

Back 11

Antibody (acquired immunity)

Front 12

In MB-lectin pathway, what is initially required?

Back 12

A mannan-binding lectin must bind to a mannose on microbial surface.

Front 13

In MB-lectin pathway, a complex of mannose and MB-lectin leads to what?

Back 13

Binding of MASP I and MASP II.

Front 14

In MB-lectin pathway, what do the MASP's do?

Back 14

Cleave C2 (into C2a and C2b) and C4 (into C4a and C4b)

Front 15

In MB-lectin pathway, what happens after MASP cleavage?

Back 15

Formation of C4b2a

Front 16

In MB-lectin pathway, what is the C3 convertase?

Back 16

C4b2a

Front 17

What does the C3 convertase do and what is the final product in the MB-lectin pathway?

Back 17

C3 convertase cleaves C3 into C3a and C3b. This forms C4b2a3b.

Front 18

In MB-lectin pathway, what is the C5 convertase?

Back 18

C4b2a3b

Front 19

In the alternative pathway, what must occur initially?

Back 19

Slow spontaneous hydrolysis of the thioester in C3.

Front 20

In the alternative pathway, what happens after C3 is hydrolyzed?

Back 20

Factor B comes in and gets attached.

Front 21

In the alternative pathway, what does Factor D do and what is the resultant product?

Back 21

Cleaves Factor B on the C3B complex to Ba and Bb. This results in C3Bb complex.

Front 22

In the alternative pathway, what is the C3 convertase?

Back 22

C3bBb

Front 23

In the alternative pathway, what happens to C3Bb and what is the result product?

Back 23

Cleaves the C3 on itself into C3a and C3b leading to the formation of C3bBb

Front 24

In the alternative pathway, what is the event immediately following formation of C3bBb?

Back 24

C3bBb forms many molecules of C3b which attach to the microbe.

Front 25

In the alternative pathway, what does C3bBb bind to?

Back 25

An additional C3b to form C3bBb3b.

Front 26

In the alternative pathway, what does C3bBb3b bind to?

Back 26

Factor P

Front 27

In the alternative pathway, what is the C5 convertase?

Back 27

C3bBb3bP

Front 28

Describe the properties of C5a

Back 28

Vasoactive and chemotactic properties.

Front 29

Describe the properties of C3a.

Back 29

Increases vasodilation and vascular permeability contributing to inflammation

Front 30

In the MB-lectin pathway, what is the stabilizing event?

Back 30

The binding to microbial surfaces.

Front 31

In the alternative pathway, what is the stabilizing event?

Back 31

Factor P (properdin) binding to C3bBb3b.

Front 32

How is systemic activation prevented in the complement pathways?

Back 32

As activated components move farther ways from sites of activation, they are more likely to be susceptible to inhibitors.

Front 33

What can be said about disorders of complement proteins?

Back 33

Very rare.

Front 34

What is the difference between primary vs secondary immune deficiency diseases?

Back 34

Primary's are congenital and secondary's are disorders associated with induced molecules or cells such as complements.

Front 35

List three classes of lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid.

Back 35

1. Prostaglandins
2. Leukotrienes
3. Thromboxanes

Front 36

NSAID's inhibit what precursor of what lipid mediator(s)?

Back 36

Inhibits cyclooxygenase thus inhibiting prostaglandins and thromboxanes

Front 37

Effects of prostaglandins. x 3

Back 37

1. Increase vasodilation
2. Increase vascular permeability.
3. Increase pain perception

Front 38

Effects of thromboxanes x 2

Back 38

1. Increases platelet aggregation
2. Increases vasoconstriction

Front 39

Effects of Prostacyclins x 2

Back 39

1. Inhibits platelet aggregation
2. Increases vasodilation

Front 40

The peptide, Bradykinin, causes what in what condition?

Back 40

Mild inflammation in the absence of infection.

Front 41

What is the peptide, Bradykinin, activated by?

Back 41

Blood clotting.

Front 42

Bradykinin acts through what receptors?

Back 42

B1 and B2 receptors.

Front 43

What are the vascular effects of Bradykinin?

Back 43

1. Increase vasodilation
2. Increase vascular permeability.

Front 44

What are the effects of serotonin and histamine? x 2

Back 44

1. Increase vasodilation
2. Increase vascular permeability

Front 45

Where are serotonin and histamine derived from? x 4

Back 45

Basophils
Eosinophils
Mast cells
Platelets

Front 46

What does nitric oxide increase in responsive cells?

Back 46

cyclic GMP

Front 47

Nitric Oxide is produced by three enzymes. Name two.

Back 47

1. iNOS (NOS1)
2. eNOS (NOS3)

Front 48

Where is iNOS made and what does it do?

Back 48

Made in macrophage and produces anti-microbial effects.

Front 49

What is eNOS and what does it do?

Back 49

Endothelial NO synthase. Increases vasodilation and increases vascular permeability.

Front 50

Are cytokines local or systemic?

Back 50

Local

Front 51

What do cytokines do in general?

Back 51

Act on receptors to alter cell function

Front 52

Constituitively expressed chemokine receptors generally involved in what?

Back 52

Trafficking

Front 53

Inducible chemokine receptors involved in what?

Back 53

Inflammation

Front 54

What are the co-receptors of HIV-1? x 2

Back 54

CCR5 and CXCR4