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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
General derivatives of the ectoderm germ layer. (X 2)
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Skin and Nervous system
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General derivatives of the mesoderm germ layer (x 2)
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Somatic and splanchnic mesoderm (synonymous with visceral and organ system)
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General derivatives of the endoderm (x2)
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Tubular system going down RESPIRATORY and GI TRACT
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BMP-4 induces the formation of what in ectoderm germ cells?
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Epidermis.
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BMP-4 induces the formation of what in mesodermal germ cells? (x2)
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Intermediate and Lateral plate mesoderms.
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What molecules inhibit the BMP-4 molecule.
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Noggin, chordin, and follistatin.
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Where do noggin, chordin, and follistatin exist in?
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Notochord, primitive node (organizer) and prechordal mesoderm.
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Give an example of what neural crest cells become?
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Dorsal root ganglia
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What molecule is important for cephalic region of development?
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BMP-4
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What is needed for the creation of hindbrain and spinal cord? X 3
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1. Wnt-3a
2. FGF 3. Retinoic Acid (Vitamin A) |
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What is the end result derived from neural tube? X 3
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1. Brain
2. Spinal cord 3. PNS neurons |
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Where does all the smooth muscles come from?
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SM in the face comes from ectoderm. The rest come from mesoderm
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What are the three layers of the embryonic mesoderm layer?
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1. Paraxial
2. Intermediate 3. Lateral Plate |
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Somitomeres first appear where?
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In the cephalic region
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Above the head, somitomeres are called what?
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Neuromeres
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Below the head, somitomeres are called what?
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Somites
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Somites differentiate into what three types of tissue?
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1. Sclerotome
2. Dermomyotome 3. Myotome |
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What does sclerotome become?
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Vertebral column
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What does myotomes become?
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Dorsal and Ventral musculature
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What does dermomyotome become?
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Dermis and muscles of body wall.
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What factor helps the sclerotome cells regulate bone development in body and where does it come from?
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Sonic Hedge Hog (SHH) from the notochord.
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How does BMP-4 effect mesoderm dermomyotome?
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Influences it with the help of Wnt
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Intermediate mesoderm forms what?
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Urogenital regions
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Lateral plate mesoderm forms what? X 3
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Parietal and visceral layers along with Smooth muscle.
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Association of lateral plate with amnion.
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Amnion pinches off the yolk sac forming the gut tube.
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Define vasculargenesis
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Formation of initial and isolated "blood islands" (hemangioblasts) in the embryo.
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Define angiogenesis
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Sprouting of "blood islands" (hemangioblasts) that form more peripheral vasculature.
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What are hemangioblasts?
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Mesenchyme cells originating from the mesoderm which are precursors to blood cells.
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What happens to "blood islands" depending on region.
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Central cells become the precursor of blood cells (primitive blood cells), while peripheral cells flatten and become endothelial cells (vessels)
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What eventually happens to the primitive blood cells?
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They undergo apoptosis and are replaced by fetal cells from the yolk.
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What colonizes the liver?
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Fetal cells from the yolk.
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What is the liver's function in an unborn embryo?
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Major hematopoeitic organ of the fetus.
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What is the factor molecule responsible for primitive blood vessel (epithelialization) and blood cell (centralization) formation?
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VEGF (Vasculature Endothelial Growth Factor)
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What is the vein specific gene?
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EPHB4
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What makes the foreign body sperm interact?
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Placenta has limited lymphatic supply.
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Angiogenesis in under the influence of what two molecules?
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TFG(beta) and PDGF
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VEGF is produced by what?
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Mesenchyme cells
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The foregut is temporarily bounded by what membrane?
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Buccopharyngeal membrane.
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The hindgut is temporarily bounded by what membrane?
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Cloacal membrane.
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The endoderm's Allantois eventually becomes what?
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Bladder.
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The spleen comes from what germ layer?
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Mesoderm
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The GI organs (minus the spleen) come from what germ layer?
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Endoderm
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How does endoderm contribute to the GI?
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Epithelial lining
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How does mesoderm contribute to the GI?
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Smooth muscle
and Visceral peritoneum |
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How does ectoderm contribute to the GI?
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Neural crest cells give rise to sympathetic ganglia (enteric neurons)
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