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142 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
intrusive

Hallucinations are intrusive
( i n t r ū s i v)

nepageidaujamas, landus

vengeance

There is no place for vengeance in our court system
(v E Nn d ž e n s)

kerštas
scornful

Constant scornful comentary
(s k o r n f u l)

pašaipus, niekinantis

Grandeur

Dellusions of grandeur
( g r e n d ž e )

didybė
Prominent

Prominent religious figure
( p r o m i n e n t)

garsus, žymus
Reference

Dellusions of reference
(r E f e r e n s)

nuoroda, užuomina, rekomendacija
implausible

Whatever the theme of the delusion, according to DSM-IV-TR, if it is bizarre
or clearly implausible, then additional symptoms are not needed for a diagnosis of
schizophrenia.
(i m p l O z i b l)

neįtikimas, neįtikėtinas
bizzare

Whatever the theme of the delusion, according to DSM-IV-TR, if it is bizarre
or clearly implausible, then additional symptoms are not needed for a diagnosis of
schizophrenia.
(b i s aa r)

keistas, ekcentriškas
scar

organs have
been replaced, despite the absence of a surgical scar
(s k a r)

randas
coherent

People with schizophrenia can sometimes speak incoherently
(k o u h I E r e n t)

nuoseklus, susijęs, rišlus
odd

individual remains in an odd
posture or position, with rigid muscles, for hours
(a d)

keistas, savotiškas
rigid

There is a balance between being to risky or too rigid.
(r i d ž i d)

nelankstus, konservatyvus (stingus, sustiręs)
convey

In this process, keywords serve to convey the content of the text
(k ^ n v E Y)

perteikti, pervežti, informuoti
refrain

State fire marshal asks people to refrain from fireworks
(r i f r e Y n)

susilaikyti, susiturėti (priedainis)
prominence

Over time, the diagnosis of subtype
may change, as the prominence of different symptoms shifts.
He came to prominence during the World Cup in Italy...
Crime prevention had to be given more prominence.
( p r O m i n e n s)

If someone or something is in a position of prominence, they are well-known and important.
intact

People with paranoid schizophrenia can have relatively intact cognitive and
emotional functioning when the content of their thoughts and experiences does not
relate to their delusion
(i n t E k t)

sveikas, nesugadintas
obscenely

You know why so many became so obscenely wealthy after they were elected to office?
(a b s y n e l Y)

nepadoriai
rectum

The county is below the state average for prostate and colon and rectum cancers
(r E k t ^ m)

tiesioji žarna
jerky

Catatonic schizophrenia is characterized by catatonic postures or poses, bizarre jerky movements, or frozen facial expressions
(d ž e r k y)

nelygus, trūkčiojantis
subside

The pain had subsided during the night...
(s a b s A i d)

If a feeling or noise subsides, it becomes less strong or loud.
residual

Residual value is the car's worth at the end of the lease, including depreciation (nusidevėjimas - d i p r y š i e i š n)
(r e s i d ž i u a l)

liekamasis, liekana
indefinitely


Women could delay the menopause indefinitely with ovary transplant.
(i n d E f i n i t l y)

neribotam laikui
inquiry

Please contact them via telephone or postal mail to make an inquiry.
(i n k w A i r y)

paklausimas, pasiteiravimas
parish

Under the direction of its pastor, Father John F. Gee, the Auburn parish took on the responsibility to serve its elderly by working to provide affordable senior housing.
(p E r i š)

parapija, parapijiečiai
backbone

"More than ever we need Democrats with backbone," Clay says in the ad.
(b E k b o u n)

stuburas, tvirtumas
squabble

The squabbles over who can lay claim to being a better American are the latest fodder for what has been a relentlessly negative television campaign.
(s q u a b l)

kivirčai dėl menkniekių, rietenos
fodder

The squabbles over who can lay claim to being a better American are the latest fodder for what has been a relentlessly negative television campaign.
(f A d e r)

pašaras
relentlessly

President Obama relentlessly attacks Mitt Romney's highly successful career at Bain Capital.
(r Y l e n t l e s l y)

negailstenigai
electorate

Only a few voters who remain undecided — just 8 percent of the electorate.
(e l E k t o r a t)

rinkėjai
overwhelm

Clarence Thomas and Ted Wells are not prone to letting emotions overwhelm then.
(o u v e r w E L M)

sukrėsti, sutriuškinti, užvesrti, apiberti klausimais
ovary

The human ovary contains up to 2 million immature eggs, and every month one of these matures and is released.
(O U v e r y)

kiaušidė
intermission

"A Word or Two" runs about an hour and a half, and there's no intermission.
(i n t e r m i š n)

pertrauka
intestine

The disease has spread from her large intestine to her small intestine and ilium.
(i n t E s t i n)

Your intestines are the tubes in your body through which food passes when it has left your stomach.
adhere

He urged them to adhere to the values of Islam which defend the dignity of man.
(e d h i E r)

If you adhere to a rule or agreement, you act in the way that it says you should.

If you adhere to an opinion or belief, you support or hold it.

Stick firmly to it.
cavity

e next time a cavity strikes your child, talk to your dentist about the benefits and possible concerns that may come with different types of fillings.
(k E v i t y)

A cavity is a space or hole in something such as a solid object or a person's body.

In dentistry, a cavity is a hole in a tooth, caused by decay.
ebb and flow

...the ebb and flow of feeling and moods.
(e b a n d f l o w)

You can use ebb and flow to describe the way that something repeatedly increases and decreases or rises and falls.
dwindle

The factory's workforce has dwindled from over 4,000 to a few hundred...

He is struggling to come to terms with his dwindling authority.
(d w I n d l)

If something dwindles, it becomes smaller, weaker, or less in number.
pestere

I thought she'd stop pestering me, but it only seemed to make her worse...
I know he gets fed up with people pestering him for money.
...that creep who's been pestering you to go out with him.
(p E s t e r)

If you say that someone is pestering you, you mean that they keep asking you to do something, or keep talking to you, and you find this annoying.
stiff

They always seemed a little awkward with each other, a bit stiff and formal.

Clean the mussels with a stiff brush under cold running water.
(stif)

Stiff behaviour is rather formal and not very friendly or relaxed

OR

Something that is stiff is firm or does not bend easily.
prevalent

This condition is more prevalent in women than in men...
The prevalent view is that interest rates will fall.
...the prevalence of asthma in Britain and western Europe.
(prEvalent)

A condition, practice, or belief that is prevalent is common.
aggravate

Stress and lack of sleep can aggravate the situation...

What aggravates you most about this country?
(Egreveit)

If someone or something aggravates a situation, they make it worse

OR

If someone or something aggravates you, they make you annoyed.
relapse

`I wish I did,' said Phil Jordan, relapsing into his usual gloom...
...a relapse into the nationalism of the nineteenth century.
In 90 per cent of cases the patient will relapse within six months.
(rylEps)

If you say that someone relapses into a way of behaving that is undesirable, you mean that they start to behave in that way again.

OR

If a sick person relapses, their health suddenly gets worse after it had been improving.
counteract

My husband has to take several pills to counteract high blood pressure...
(kaunterEkt)

To counteract something means to reduce its effect by doing something that produces an opposite effect (neutralize)
precursor

He said that the deal should not be seen as a precursor to a merger.
These behaviors can be seen as precursors of the symptoms of schizophrenia.
(prykEEse)

A precursor of something is a similar thing that happened or existed before it, often something which led to the existence or development of that thing.
inept

He was inept and lacked the intelligence to govern...
(inEEpt)

If you say that someone is inept, you are criticizing them because they do something with a complete lack of skill.
perpetrate

A high proportion of crime in any country is perpetrated by young males in their teens and twenties...
(pEEpetreit)

If someone perpetrates a crime or any other immoral or harmful act, they do it.
ventrlicle

... in the brains of people with schizophrenia is enlarged vetricles.
(vEntrikel)

A ventricle is a part of the heart that pumps blood to the arteries.
volition

We like to think that everything we do and everything we think is a product of our volition...
(volitšn)

Your volition is the power you have to decide something for yourself.
clumsy

Unfortunately, I was still very clumsy behind the wheel of the jeep.
Ben's biggest problem is clumsiness.
(klAmzy)

A clumsy person moves or handles things in a careless, awkward way, often so that things are knocked over or broken.
plague

The neurocognitive deficits that plague individuals with schizophrenia...
She was plagued by weakness, fatigue, and dizziness...
Fears about job security plague nearly half the workforce.
(pleig)

If you are plagued by unpleasant things, they continually cause you a lot of trouble or suffering.
discern

It was hard to discern why this was happening.
If you can discern something, you can just see it, but not clearly.
If you can discern something, you are aware of it and know what it is.

OR

If you can discern something, you can just see it, but not clearly.
berrage

He was faced with a barrage of angry questions from the floor.
(bEraaž)

A barrage of something such as criticism or complaints is a large number of them directed at someone, often in an aggressive way.
prophecy

...Biblical prophecy.
(prOfisy)

A prophecy is a statement in which someone says they strongly believe that a particular thing will happen.
orphanage/ orphane

...a young orphan girl brought up by peasants...
(Oofenidž)

An orphanage is a place where orphans live and are looked after.

An orphan is a child whose parents are dead.
notorious

...an area notorious for drugs, crime and violence...
She told us the story of one of Britain's most notorious country house murders.
(noutOries)

To be notorious means to be well-known for something bad.
cohesive

Adhere to neutral colors if you're worried about creating a cohesive feel.
(kouhYsiv)

Something that is cohesive consists of parts that fit together well and form a united whole.
robust

More women than men go to the doctor. Perhaps men are more robust or worry less?...
(rOUbaast)

Someone or something that is robust is very strong or healthy.
compliance

The company says it is in full compliance with US labor laws...
(komplAiens)

Compliance with something, for example a law, treaty, or agreement means doing what you are required or expected to do.
drowsiness

He felt pleasantly drowsy and had to fight off the urge to sleep.
(drAUziness)

If you feel drowsy, you feel sleepy and cannot think clearly.
acute

...a patient with acute rheumatoid arthritis.
The report has caused acute embarrassment to the government...
The labour shortage is becoming acute.
(ekjUut)

An acute illness is one that becomes severe very quickly but does not last very long.

OR

You can use acute to indicate that an undesirable situation or feeling is very severe or intense.

OR

An acute angle is less than 90°. Compare obtuse angle.
comprehend

I just cannot comprehend your attitude...
Whenever she failed to comprehend she invariably laughed.
(kOmprihEnd)

If you cannot comprehend something, you cannot understand it.
abuse

He showed how the rich and powerful can abuse their position.
(abjŪs)

If you abuse something, you use it in a wrong way or for a bad purpose.
connotation

It's just one of those words that's got so many negative connotations...
(kOnetEišen)

The connotations of a particular word or name are the ideas or qualities which it makes you think of.
reckless

He is charged with causing death by reckless driving.
(rEkles)

If you say that someone is reckless, you mean that they act in a way which shows that they do not care about danger or the effect their behaviour will have on other people.
withdrawal

Withdrawal from heroin is actually like a severe attack of gastric flu.
(withdrOel)

Withdrawal is the period during which someone feels ill after they have stopped taking a drug which they were addicted to.
ulcer

...stomach ulcers.
(Alse)

An ulcer is a sore area on the outside or inside of your body which is very painful and may bleed or produce an unpleasant poisonous substance.
insomnia

Many cases of insomnia are related to nocturnal hot flashes.
(insOmnie)

Someone who suffers from insomnia finds it difficult to sleep.
abruptly

Rosie's idyllic world came to an abrupt end when her parents' marriage broke up...
When she was abruptly taken from medication...
(abrApt)

An abrupt change or action is very sudden, often in a way which is unpleasant.
liability

As the president's prestige continues to fall, they're clearly beginning to consider him a liability.
...what was once a vote catching policy, is now a political liability.
...common liabilities model.
(lAiebIlity)

If you say that someone or something is a liability, you mean that they cause a lot of problems or embarrassment.
sequence

...the sequence of events which led to the murder.
...a dazzling sequence of novels by John Updike.
(sYkuens)

A sequence of events or things is a number of events or things that come one after another in a particular order.
(psych) ward

A toddler was admitted to the emergency ward with a wound in his chest.
(wod)

A ward is a room in a hospital which has beds for many people, often people who need similar treatment.
blueprint

The country's president will offer delegates his blueprint for the country's future.
...the blueprint of a new plan of economic reform.
(blŪprint)

A blueprint for something is a plan or set of proposals that shows how it is expected to work.
alleviate

Nowadays, a great deal can be done to alleviate back pain.
(elYvieit)

If you alleviate pain, suffering, or an unpleasant condition, you make it less intense or severe. (
inadvertent

The government has said it was an inadvertent error.
The parent's behaviour ends up inadvertently providing a model of coping.
(InedbEtent)

An inadvertent action is one that you do without realizing what you are doing.
sobriety

When Dad was sober he was a good father.
(soubrAity, soube)

Sobriety is the state of being sober rather than drunk.

When you are sober, you are not drunk.
apprehend

Police have not apprehended her killer.
(EpreEnd)

If the police apprehend someone, they catch them and arrest them.
ingest

...side effects occurring in fish that ingest this substance...
(indžEst)

When animals or plants ingest a substance, they take it into themselves, for example by eating or absorbing it.
numb

He could feel his fingers growing numb at their tips...
My legs felt numb and my toes ached.
Cocaine leaves user's nose feeling numb.
(namb)

If a part of your body is numb, you cannot feel anything there.
respiratory

...people with severe respiratory problems...
(rEsperetry)

Respiratory means relating to breathing.
seizure

...a mild cardiac seizure...
I was prescribed drugs to control seizures.
(syže)

If someone has a seizure, they have a sudden violent attack of an illness, especially one that affects their heart or brain.
nausea

I was overcome with a feeling of nausea.
(nOzie)

Nausea is the condition of feeling sick and the feeling that you are going to vomit.
dilute

If you give your baby juice, dilute it well with cooled, boiled water...
The liquid is then diluted...
The poisons seeping from Hanford's contaminated land quickly dilute in the water.
(dailŪt)

If a liquid is diluted or dilutes, it is added to or mixes with water or another liquid, and becomes weaker.
irritibility

He had been waiting for over an hour and was beginning to feel irritable.
(Iritibl)

If you are irritable, you are easily annoyed.
adverse

Despite the adverse conditions, the road was finished in just eight months.
(Edves)

Adverse decisions, conditions, or effects are unfavourable to you.
gauge

He gauged the wind at over thirty knots...
Distance is gauged by journey time rather than miles.
(geidž)

If you gauge the speed or strength of something, or if you gauge an amount, you measure or calculate it, often by using a device of some kind.
utter

He uttered a snorting laugh...
They departed without uttering a word.
This, of course, is utter nonsense.
...this utter lack of responsibility...
A look of utter confusion swept across his handsome face.
(Ater)

If someone utters sounds or words, they say them.

OR

You use utter to emphasize that something is great in extent, degree, or amount.
bliss

It was a scene of such domestic bliss.
(blis)

Bliss is a state of complete happiness.
pasty

My complexion remained pale and pasty...
(peisti)

If you are pasty or if you have a pasty face, you look pale and unhealthy.
tar

Cigarette smoking delivers nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar to the lungs.
(taa)

Tar is a thick black sticky substance that is used especially for making roads.

OR

Tar is one of the poisonous substances contained in tobacco.
jitteriness

Symptoms include indigestion and jitteriness.
(džiterines)

virpulys
indigestion

Council member Tim Leigh might be having a little indigestion this morning after having to eat crow yesterday.
(IndidžEtšen)

If you have indigestion, you have pains in your stomach and chest that are caused by difficulties in digesting food.
jolt

The wagon jolted again...
The train jolted into motion...
They were working frantically in the fear that an aftershock would jolt the house again.
The campaign came at a time when America needed such a jolt.
(džoult)

If something jolts or if something jolts it, it moves suddenly and quite violently.
bind

It is the memory and threat of persecution that binds them together.
...the social and political ties that bind the USA to Britain.
...a group of people bound together by shared language, culture, and beliefs.

OR

The Luxembourg-based satellite service is not bound by the same strict rules as the BBC...
The authorities will be legally bound to arrest any suspects...
(baind)

If something binds people together, it makes them feel as if they are all part of the same group or have something in common.

OR

If you are bound by something such as a rule, agreement, or restriction, you are forced or required to act in a certain way.
excess

An excess of house plants in a small flat can be oppressive...
Polyunsaturated oils are essential for health. Excess is harmful, however.
(ekses)

An excess of something is a larger amount than is needed, allowed, or usual.

Excess is used to describe amounts that are greater than what is needed, allowed, or usual.
linger

The scent of her perfume lingered on in the room...
He was ashamed. That feeling lingered, and he was never comfortable in church after that...
He would rather be killed in a race than die a lingering death in hospital.

Customers are welcome to linger over coffee until around midnight...
It is a dreary little town where few would choose to linger.
(linge)

When something such as an idea, feeling, or illness lingers, it continues to exist for a long time, often much longer than expected.

OR

If you linger somewhere, you stay there for a longer time than is necessary, for example because you are enjoying yourself.
abound

Stories abound about when he was in charge...
The book abounds with close-up images from space.
(ebaund)

If things abound, or if a place abounds with things, there are very large numbers of them.
vial

...stimuli associated with drug use, such as the vial containing crack...
(vAiel)

A vial is a very small bottle which is used to hold something such as perfume or medicine.
exert

He exerted considerable influence on the thinking of the scientific community on these issues...
(igzEet)

If someone or something exerts influence, authority, or pressure, they use it in a strong or determined way, especially in order to produce a particular effect.
transient

...the transient nature of high fashion...
Drug use may provide transient relief from negative states...
(trEnzient)

Transient is used to describe a situation that lasts only a short time or is constantly changing.
lethal

...a lethal dose of sleeping pills.
(lYthol)

A substance that is lethal can kill people or animals.
contribute

The three sons also contribute to the family business...
He believes he has something to contribute to a discussion concerning the uprising.
(kontrIbjūt)

If you contribute to something, you say or do things to help to make it successful.
illicit

Dante clearly condemns illicit love.
Once a individual repeatedly uses an illicit entry drug...
(ilIsit)

An illicit activity or substance is not allowed by law or the social customs of a country.
clique

Here, in a sea of neon Daisy Dukes, it's more like wearing a logo for the sake of being cool, because your clique at school will give you a hard time if you don't.
(klyk)

If you describe a group of people as a clique, you mean that they spend a lot of time together and seem unfriendly towards people who are not in the group.
distorte

The media distorts reality; categorises people as all good or all bad...
(distOrt)

If you distort a statement, fact, or idea, you report or represent it in an untrue way.
calibrate

...instructions on how to calibrate a thermometer.
(kElibreit)

If you calibrate an instrument or tool, you mark or adjust it so that you can use it to measure something accurately.
hardship

Many people are suffering economic hardship...
One of the worst hardships is having so little time to spend with one's family.
(hAdšip)

Hardship is a situation in which your life is difficult or unpleasant, often because you do not have enough money.
asterisk

As noted by the asterisks in Tables 9.5...
(Esterisk)

An asterisk is the sign *. It is used especially to indicate that there is further information about something in another part of the text.
oblivion

He just drank himself into oblivion...
(oblIvien)

Oblivion is the state of not being aware of what is happening around you, for example because you are asleep or unconscious.
inhibition

The whole point about dancing is to stop thinking and lose all your inhibitions...
(InhibIšin)

Inhibitions are feelings of fear or embarrassment that make it difficult for you to behave naturally.
agitation

Danny returned to Father's house in a state of intense agitation...
(EdžitEišn)

If someone is in a state of agitation, they are very worried or upset, and show this in their behaviour, movements, or voice.
inpurities

The air in the factory is filtered to remove impurities.
(impjŪeritys)

Impurities are substances that are present in small quantities in another substance and make it dirty or of an unacceptable quality.
amplify

The mist had been replaced by a kind of haze that seemed to amplify the heat...

This landscape seemed to trap and amplify sounds...
The music was amplified with microphones...
(Emplifai)

To amplify something means to increase its strength or intensity.

OR

If you amplify a sound, you make it louder, usually by using electronic equipment.
arduous

The task was more arduous than he had calculated.
(Adžiues)

Something that is arduous is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of effort.
glimpse

She glimpsed a group of people standing on the bank of a river.

As university campuses become increasingly multi-ethnic, they offer a glimpse of the conflicts society will face tomorrow.
...a glimpse into the future.
(glimps)

If you glimpse someone or something, you see them very briefly and not very well.

OR

A glimpse of something is a brief experience of it or an idea about it that helps you understand or appreciate it better.
dread

I'm dreading Christmas this year...
I'd been dreading that the birth would take a long time.
(dred)

If you dread something which may happen, you feel very anxious and unhappy about it because you think it will be unpleasant or upsetting.
resin

The resin from which the oil is extracted comes from a small, tough tree.
(rEzin)

Resin is a sticky substance that is produced by some trees.

OR

Resin is a substance that is produced chemically and used to make plastics.
potent

Their most potent weapon was the Exocet missile...
The drug is extremely potent, but causes unpleasant side effects.
(pOutent)

Something that is potent is very effective and powerful.
possess

He was then arrested and charged with possessing an offensive weapon...
He is said to possess a fortune of more than two-and-a-half-thousand million dollars.
...individuals who are deemed to possess the qualities of sense, loyalty and discretion...
(pezEs)

If you possess something, you have it or own it.

OR

If someone or something possesses a particular quality, ability, or feature, they have it.
deleterious

Petty crime is having a deleterious effect on community life.
(dElitIEries)

Something that has a deleterious effect on something has a harmful effect on it. (
subdue

He forced himself to subdue and overcome his fears.
(subdjū)

To subdue feelings means to make them less strong.
slur

He repeated himself and slurred his words more than usual...
The newscaster's speech began to slur...
(slEe)

If someone slurs their speech or if their speech slurs, they do not pronounce each word clearly, because they are drunk, ill, or sleepy.
staggere

He lost his balance, staggered back against the rail and toppled over...
He was staggering and had to lean on the bar.
(stEge)

If you stagger, you walk very unsteadily, for example because you are ill or drunk.
lucid

He wasn't very lucid, he didn't quite know where he was.
(lŪsid)

If someone is lucid, they are thinking clearly again after a period of illness or confusion. (
fierce

They look like the teeth of some fierce animal.
`I don't know,' she said fiercely.
(fies)

A fierce animal or person is very aggressive or angry.
clench fist

Alex clenched her fists and gritted her teeth...
She pulled at his sleeve and he turned on her, fists clenching again before he saw who it was.
...angry protestors with clenched fists.
(klEntš)

When you clench your fist or your fist clenches, you curl your fingers up tightly, usually because you are very angry.
distribution

...the council which controls the distribution of foreign aid...
...emergency food distribution.
(dIstribjŪšen)

The distribution of things involves giving or delivering them to a number of people or places.
alienate

The government cannot afford to alienate either group.
His second wife, Alice, was determined to alienate him from his two boys.
(Eilieneit)

If you alienate someone, you make them become unfriendly or unsympathetic towards you.

OR

To alienate a person from someone or something that they are normally linked with means to cause them to be emotionally or intellectually separated from them.
inevitably

Technological changes will inevitably lead to unemployment...
(inEvitebly)

If something will inevitably happen, it is certain to happen and cannot be prevented or avoided.
extinction

An operation is beginning to try to save a species of crocodile from extinction...
The loggers say their jobs are faced with extinction because of declining timber sales.
(IkstInkšen)

The extinction of a species of animal or plant is the death of all its remaining living members.

OR

If someone refers to the extinction of a way of life or type of activity, they mean that the way of life or activity stops existing.
abrupt

Rosie's idyllic world came to an abrupt end when her parents' marriage broke up...
(abrApt)

An abrupt change or action is very sudden, often in a way which is unpleasant.
maintenance

Simple maintenance can help keep an air conditioner running smoothly when it's needed the most.
(mEintenens)

priežiūra, aptarnavimas
discrepancy

...the discrepancy between press and radio reports.
(diskrEpansy)

If there is a discrepancy between two things that ought to be the same, there is a noticeable difference between them.
elicit

Mr Norris said he was hopeful that his request would elicit a positive response...
(ilIsit)

If you elicit a response or a reaction, you do or say something which makes other people respond or react.
dispense

The Union had already dispensed £40,000 in grants...
I thought of myself as a patriarch, dispensing words of wisdom to all my children.
Therapy do not dispense advice or seek to increade any secific skills...
(dispEns)

If someone dispenses something that they own or control, they give or provide it to a number of people.
exhilaration

A feeling of total power and exhilaration.
(igzIlerEIsen)

Exhilaration is a strong feeling of excitement and happiness.
contingent on

In effect, growth is contingent on improved incomes for the mass of the low-income population.
Reinforcement is contingent on the disired behaviour occuring...
(kontIndžent)

If something is contingent on something else, the first thing depends on the second in order to happen or exist.
incentive

There is little or no incentive to adopt such measures...
Positive incetives are more effective than negative consequences.
(insEntive)

If something is an incentive to do something, it encourages you to do it.
antecedent

We shall first look briefly at the historical antecedents of this theory.
(EntisYdent)

An antecedent of something happened or existed before it and was similar to it in some way.
consolidate

Brydon's team-mate Martin Williamson consolidated his lead in the National League when he won the latest round.
This will help to consolidate their ability to make healthier choices and prevent relapse.
(konsOlideit)

If you consolidate something that you have, for example power or success, you strengthen it so that it becomes more effective or secure.
adhere

All members of the association adhere to a strict code of practice...
(edhIE)

If you adhere to a rule or agreement, you act in the way that it says you should.
sobriety

AA also provides social support, both from other group members and a sponsor - an individual with years of sobiertywho serves as a mentor...
(sebAIty)

Sobriety is the state of being sober rather than drunk.
abstain

Abstain from sex or use condoms...
Do you drink alcohol, smoke, or abstain?
(ebstEIn)

If you abstain from something, usually something you want to do, you deliberately do not do it.