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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two functions of the larynx?
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biological valve
sound generator |
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What type of sound does the vocal fold produce?
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one that is quasiperiodic and complex
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Name the major cartilages of the larynx:
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Thyroid
Cricoid Arytenoids (2) |
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What are the two laryngeal joints and how do they control the vocal folds?
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Cricoarytenoid - position of vf
Cricothyroid - tension of vf |
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As air is expelled from the trachea, what valves does it pass through before reaching the pharynx?
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chronologically:
true vocal folds false (ventricular) vocal folds aryepiglottic folds |
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What is responsible for controlling the vocal folds during phonation?
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The intrinsic laryngeal muscles
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What are the primary active forces controlling medial compression?
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Intrinsic laryngeal muscles
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What is the primary function of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles to phonation?
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to control medial compression of the vocal folds
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What is the function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles?
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to control the position of the larynx in terms of height
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Mechanically, what are the layers of the vocal folds?
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the cover, transition and body
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Name and describe the structural layers of the vocal folds.
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1. Epithelium - thin, tough capsule; helps maintain vf shape
2. Superficial lamina propria - (Reinke's space) loose & pliable/ primarily elastic fibers 3. Intermediate lamina propria - less flexi/mostly elastic fibers but more densely packed than in superficial lamina propria 4. Deep Lamina Propria - somewhat stiffer than intermediate lp; mostly collagenous fibers 5. Vocalis muscle - stiffest layer/striated muscle fibers |
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The vocal ligament is made up of _____________ +_____________.
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the intermediate + deep lamina propria.
AKA - Transition |
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The mucosa of the vocal fold is comprised of _____________.
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the epithelium and the lamina propria
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Mechanically, the vocal fold is comprised of ...
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cover (epithelium + sup lp)
transition (int + deep lp/vocal ligament) body (vocalis muscle) |
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Describe the layered configuration of the vocal folds
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increasing stiffness of layers in a transverse direction (from epithelium to the vocalis)
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Describe the Cover-Body Model of Vocal Fold vibration.
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The vf is layered w/ increasing stiffness in a transverse direction from the pliable cover at the midline out to the vocalis muscle. This layered configuration of cover (epi;sup lp), transition (int;dp lp) and body (vocalis) creates an impedance matching phenomenon in which the aerodynamic energy is more easily imparted to the vocal folds to be transformed into the kinetic energy of vibration. This wave-like motion of the cover is essential to normal phonation.
1. layered configuration 2. aerodynamic energy more easily imparted to vf 3. wave-like motion essential to norm phonation |
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Describe the Myoelastic Aerodynamic theory of phonation.
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1. The vocal folds are positioned at midline by contraction of adductor muscles (lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid).
2. Subglottal pressure builds up underneath the closed vfs and; eventually overcomes their resistance, thus blowing the vfs apart. 3. Vocal folds move back toward the original midline position due to their elasticity 4. As the vfs approach midline approximation, they create a constriction where the air particle velocity increases. As the air moves through this constriction, the Bernoulli effect causes a decrease in pressure that sucks the vfs together. |
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What is the difference between vertical phase difference and longitudinal phase difference?
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vertical phase difference: Because the tissue layers are mechanically linked and the aerodynamic forces are affecting them, the vfs open from the inferior margins up to the superior margins. Then, inertial and aerodynamic forces cause the inferior margin to close first, mechanically dragging the upper margins along.
The Longitudinal phase difference is the nonsimultaneous opening and closing of the vfs in the anterior-posterior direction whereby they open from posterior to anterior and close from anterior to posterior like a zipper. |
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What is the Mucosal Wave?
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It is the ripple effect that can be seen along the surface of the vfs. It is related to the vertical phase difference and the tendency of the 'cover' to move freely over the 'body'.
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What is the importance of evaluating the mucosal wave?
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If the mucosal wave becomes altered, it will affect the ability of the vfs to move freely, thus affecting phonation
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What findings discount the Neurochronaxic Theory of phonation?
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- we would have to exert muscles to abduct the vocal folds to breathe.
- the brain can't fire neurons over 300x/sec and will fatigue. - loudness in contributed to medial compression - the vocalis cannot possibly be an abductor -most fibers run laterally - doesn't account of air or a pressurized air stream in setting vfs into vibration - 10th cranial nerve innervates the vfs from one side, thus the nerve signal would not arrive to each vf at the same time... abduction would be asynchronous. |
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What does the rate of vf vibration depend on?
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length, mass and tension of vfs
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What is vocal fundamental frequency determined by?
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the tension of the vocal fold cover
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Why will a large man have a lower fundamental frequency?
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His vfs have a greater mass per unit of length and will vibrate more slowly.
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greater tension and stiffness = _______
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higher fundamental frequency
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greater length and mass = _________
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lower fundamental frequency
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Intensity is controlled by regulating what?
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Subglottal pressure via the increase and decrease of medial compression of the vfs... specifically more forcefully contracting the lateral cricoarytenoids and the interarytenoid
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a louder (more intense) voice = _______
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a longer closed time
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What is vocal fundamental frequency determined by?
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the tension of the vocal fold cover
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Why will a large man have a lower fundamental frequency?
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His vfs have a greater mass per unit of length and will vibrate more slowly.
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greater tension and stiffness = _______
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higher fundamental frequency
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greater length and mass = _________
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lower fundamental frequency
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Intensity is controlled by regulating what?
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Subglottal pressure via the increase and decrease of medial compression of the vfs... specifically more forcefully contracting the lateral cricoarytenoids and the interarytenoid
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a louder (more intense) voice = _______
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a longer closed time
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How is the intensity of the voice controlled?
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By more forcefully contracting the adductor muscles (interarytenoids and lateral cricoarytenoids) we can decrease or increase the medial compression of the vfs, thus altering the level of subglottal pressure. If the vfs have a stronger and longer "closed time", more subglottal pressure is needed to blow apart the vfs
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PJASh
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Pitch- Jitter
Amplitude -Shimmer |
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What are the psychological representations of changes made by laryngeal adjustments?
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pitch
loudness quality |
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What are the physical changes that are attributed to laryngeal adjustments?
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1.Fundamental frequency
2.subglottal pressure 3.sound pressure level 4.glottal waveshape, sound wave composition and spectrum |
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There are multiple ways that the vfs are designed for vibration. Name them.
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1. progressive density and stiffness of the layers (complex mechanical vibrator system
2. most of the tissue fibers run in an anterior to posterior direction (parallel to the vf margins) 3. Even the blood vessels primarily run longitudinally in the medial portions of the vf superficial layers OR It is a complex mechanical vibrator system w/ most tissue fibers running parallel to the vf margins. Even the blood vessel run longitudinally in medial portion of the vf superficial layers |
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Name the vocal fold abductors.
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posterior cricoarytenoid muscles
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What muscles increase medial compression?
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lateral cricoarytenoids
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What adducts the vocal folds?
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The lateral cricoarytenoids and the interarytenoid muscles
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vocalis muscle AKA
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medial portion of Thyroarytenoid
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vocalis muscle AKA
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Thyroarytenoid
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what adjusts the tension, length and stiffness of the vocal fold
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cricothyroid muscles
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what does the cricothyroid do?
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adjusts the vocal fold tension, length and stiffness which affects rate of vf vibration, hence pitch
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Contraction of the vocalis muscle results in...?
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increased tension/stiffness of the muscle which when opposed by the cricothyroid increases vf vibration
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Contraction of the vocalis muscle results in...?
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increased tension/stiffness of the muscle which when opposed by the cricothyroid increases vf vibration
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What does a higher fundamental frequency yield?
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Wider harmonic spacing, resulting in a voice that is less complex
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The 'quality' of a voice is associated with...?
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the harmonics in the complex signal
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What are harmonics?
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Fundamental frequency + whole # multiples of the fundamental frequency.
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an octave is...?
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a doubling of the fundamental frequency
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Explain the 'rolling' or 'falling off' rate on a Lx.
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The amplitude presented will decrease at a systematic rate of 12 dB per octave.
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What is jitter?
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a frequency perturbation.
aka cycle-to-cycle variations in the frequency of vf vibrations |
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What percentage of jitter is found in the normal voice?
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less than or equal to 1%
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What is shimmer?
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amplitude perturbation
aka cycle-to-cycle variation in the amplitude of the sound pressure level. |
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What would be an abnormal measurement of shimmer?
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above 0.5dB
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name the different vocal registers.
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pulse
modal falsetto |
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explain the pulse register.
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- very low fun-o... 'glottal fry'.
-vf tightly closed, lax free borders, long closed time, biphasic closure, requires 2 cmH20 rdp -below 70Hz, you can perceive the 'temporal gap' and bursts of acoustic energy, thus the "pulse" |
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What register is used in typical conversation?
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modal
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explain the physical characteristics of the modal register.
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vfs have slack cover and stiffer body that is involved in vibration. (cover-body model)
closed portion of cycle is about 50% |
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Describe the characteristics of the 'loft' voice.
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-Falsetto... a very high fun-o
-long, stiff vfs; thin edge, somewhat bowed -cover is lax; ligament tensed (just edges involved... not body) -incomplete closure due to increased stiffness. |
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What effect does falsetto have on vibration and spectrum?
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-vf tense and long... faster vibration=higher frequency
-breathy |
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On what do we base the parameters of the normal voice?
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-pitch flexibility (maximum frequency range)
-habitual pitch (speaking fun-o) -max. phonation time -min.-max. intensity at various fun-o levels jitter noise (made by turbulent flow or aperiodic vibration) |
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What are the qualities of an abnormal voice?
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-breathiness
-harshness -hoarseness |
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Define 'breathiness'
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high frequency additive noise due to incomplete vf closure
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Define 'roughness' or 'harshness'
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Lower frequency additive noise due to turbulence and aperiodic vibration
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Define 'hoarseness'.
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It is a combination of breathiness and roughness/harshness due to both incomplete vf closure, turbulence and aperiodic vibration.
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Define 'maximum frequency range'.
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It is the range of pitch flexibility that the normal voice presents during conversation.
Adults on average have a frequency range of around two octaves. Speech w/o this pitch flexibility would sound monotonous. |
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define 'speaking fundamental frequency'.
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aka 'habitual pitch'.
It is the average rate of vocal fold vibration during conversation. |
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Define 'maximum phonation time'.
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It is the longest period of time that a person can sustain a vowel in one breath.
Adult 15-25 sec Child 10 sec |
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What would an abnormal reading of 'maximum phonation time' indicate?
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- a problem in adequate valving of the airstream for speech.
The vfs are not closing all the way and the client is wasting the airstream. |
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Define 'minimum-maximum intensity at various fun-o levels'.
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at a person's midrange of frequency they should be able to vary their intensity by 20-30 dB from min-max.
*produce 'ah' quietly and loudly |
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What would an abnormal reading of 'maximum phonation time' indicate?
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- a problem in adequate valving of the airstream for speech.
The vfs are not closing all the way and the client is wasting the airstream. |
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Explain how the vocal folds were designed for vibration.
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1. complex mechanical vibrator system (progressive density and stiffness of layers)
2. most tissue fibers running anterior to posterior, parallel to the vf margins 3. even the blood vessels run longitudinally in the medial portions of the vf superficial layers |
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the vocal tract is a __________ and a ___________.
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variable resonator
and sound source |
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what are the vocal tract cavities?
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pharynx
oral cavity nasal cavity |
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Where are the following generated and shaped:
vowels voiced consonants voiceless consonants |
vowels - generated at larynx but shaped by vocal tract
voiced consonants- generated at larynx and shaped in vocal tract voiceless consonants- generated and shaped in vocal tract |
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What are the two functions of the articulators?
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1. to alter the shape and length of the vocal tract
2. serve as a sound source above the vocal folds |
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What are the moveable articulators?
fixed? |
moveable: tongue, lips, velum, pharyngeal wall
fixed: teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate |
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the vocal tract is a __________ and a ___________.
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variable resonator
and sound source |
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what are the vocal tract cavities?
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pharynx
oral cavity nasal cavity |
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Where are the following generated and shaped:
vowels voiced consonants voiceless consonants |
vowels - generated at larynx but shaped by vocal tract
voiced consonants- generated at larynx and shaped in vocal tract voiceless consonants- generated and shaped in vocal tract |
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What are the two functions of the articulators?
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1. to alter the shape and length of the vocal tract
2. serve as a sound source above the vocal folds |
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What are the moveable articulators?
fixed? |
moveable: tongue, lips, velum, pharyngeal wall
fixed: teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate |
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the vocal tract is a __________ and a ___________.
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variable resonator
and sound source |
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what are the vocal tract cavities?
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pharynx
oral cavity nasal cavity |
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Where are the following generated and shaped:
vowels voiced consonants voiceless consonants |
vowels - generated at larynx but shaped by vocal tract
voiced consonants- generated at larynx and shaped in vocal tract voiceless consonants- generated and shaped in vocal tract |
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What are the two functions of the articulators?
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1. to alter the shape and length of the vocal tract
2. serve as a sound source above the vocal folds |
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What are the moveable articulators?
fixed? |
moveable: tongue, lips, velum, pharyngeal wall
fixed: teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate |
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the vocal tract is a __________ and a ___________.
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variable resonator
and sound source |
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what are the vocal tract cavities?
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pharynx
oral cavity nasal cavity |
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Where are the following generated and shaped:
vowels voiced consonants voiceless consonants |
vowels - generated at larynx but shaped by vocal tract
voiced consonants- generated at larynx and shaped in vocal tract voiceless consonants- generated and shaped in vocal tract |
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What are the two functions of the articulators?
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1. to alter the shape and length of the vocal tract
2. serve as a sound source above the vocal folds |
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What are the moveable articulators?
fixed? |
moveable: tongue, lips, velum, pharyngeal wall
fixed: teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate |
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the vocal tract is a __________ and a ___________.
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variable resonator
and sound source |
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what are the vocal tract cavities?
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pharynx
oral cavity nasal cavity |
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Where are the following generated and shaped:
vowels voiced consonants voiceless consonants |
vowels - generated at larynx but shaped by vocal tract
voiced consonants- generated at larynx and shaped in vocal tract voiceless consonants- generated and shaped in vocal tract |
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What are the two functions of the articulators?
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1. to alter the shape and length of the vocal tract
2. serve as a sound source above the vocal folds |
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What are the moveable articulators?
fixed? |
moveable: tongue, lips, velum, pharyngeal wall
fixed: teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate |
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What features do all the articulators need to have in order to be fully functional?
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they need to be intact, the appropriate size and innervated (when applicable)
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What are the 7 valves of the vocal tract?
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1. larynx
2. tongue (pharynx0 3. velo-pharynx 4. tongue (middle) 5. tongue (anterior) 6. mandible 7. lips |
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list the vowel characteristics (in comparison to consonants... don't list consonants... you'll do that soon enough!)
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voiced
relatively open vocal tract slow movements for tract shaping long duration more intense |
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List the consonant characteristics.
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-voiced or voiceless (w/ sound generator in vocal tract and/or by vfs)
-vocal tract completely closed or constricted -rapid movement of articulators -shorter duration -less intense |
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how do we describe vowels?
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tongue height
tongue advancement lip rounding mandibular opening |
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Define coarticulation.
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-at any given time, the vocal tract will show adjustments for multiple segments.
-sounds are produced in an overlapping manner |
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What are the phenomena the contribute to coarticulation?
Give examples. |
1. anticipating the upcoming "phonetic requirement" (right to left)
ex. 'ten cards' 2."Biomechanical restraints" (left to right) ex. 'dogz and cats'- voicing of /g/ voices plural s 3. variation in timing w/in sequences. ex. 'did you eat yet?' vs 'juh eat yet?' |
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what is a suprasegmental feature?
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a meaningful change that occurs over a sequence of phonemes (syllable, word, phrase, sentence)
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list the various types of suprasegmentals and briefly describe each.
give examples. |
1.intonation- variance in fun-o to signal linguistic aspects of speech... aka 'pitch contour'
ex. What? what. WHAT!!! 2.stress- variance in fun-o, intensity AND duration ex.. *black* board vs blackboard *in*valid vs in*valid* 3. Duration - signals voicing and sentence boundaries |
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How do supresegmentals alter our understanding of the speech signal?
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providing emotional framework cues
signaling important info contributing to intelligibility |
