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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHAT IS LYMPH
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Lymph is interstitial fluid that has passed into lymphatic vessels and lymphatic tissue
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WHAT ARE THE 3 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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Drain excess interstitial fluid
Transport dietary lipids Carries out immune responses |
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WHAT ARE LACTEALS
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Lacteals are specialized Lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that carry dietary lipids into the lymphatic vessels and ultimately into the blood
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DESCRIBE LYMPHATIC CIRCULATION
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Lymph does not circulate, it is a one way journey to the venous blood, lymphatic capillaries are blind, movement of lymph requires milking by skeletal muscle and respiratory pump
Lymphatic capillaries-->lymphatic vessels-->lymphatic trunks-->lymphatic ducts-->subclavian vein |
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DESCRIBE THE LYMPHATIC DUCTS
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There are 2 ducts that drain unequal parts of the body:
Right Lymphatic Duct drains the upper right part of the body. Thoracic/Left Lymphatic Duct drains the rest of the body. |
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ARE LYMPHATIC NODULES ORGANS AND WHY/WHY NOT? WHERE ARE THEY FOUND
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No lymphatic nodules are not organs because they lack a CT capsule.
They are scattered throughout the CT of mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts and the respiratory airways. |
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NAME 3 LYMPHATIC ORGANS
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Thymus
Spleen Lymph Nodes |
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WHAT ARE THE PRIMARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS?
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Red bone marrow: produce pluripotent stem cells, mature immunocompetent B cells and preT cells
Thymus: where preT cells mature into immunocompetent T cells |
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WHAT ARE THE SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS?
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They are sites where most immune reactions occur:
The lymph nodes Spleen Lymphatic nodules |
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WHERE DOES LYMPHATIC TISSUE DEVELOP FROM?
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THE MESODERM
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DEFINE IMMUNOCOMPETENT
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Capable of an immune reaction and able to recognize self antigens
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DESCRIBE THE THYMUS HISTOLOGICALLY
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The thymus is divided into lobules consisting of a cortex and a medulla.
The cortex contains T Cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. Epithelial cells make thymic hormons which cause T Cell maturation. T Cells are educated, 98% do not survive and are phagocytized by macrophages. The surving T Cells enter the medulla which contains mature T Cells, epithelial cells, dendritic cells and macrophages Thymic/Hassall's corpuscles degenerate epithelial cells in the medulla. T Cells then leave the thymus via the blood to colonize nodes, spleen etc... |
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WHERE ARE LYMPH NODES PRIMARILY FOUND
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Located along lymphatic vessels, usually in clusters , especially in groin, axilla and mammary glands
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WHAT IS THE MAIN FUNCTION OF LYMPH NODES AND HOW DO THEY ACCOMPLISH THIS
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they filter lymph, which enters the node thru afferent lymphatic vessels where antigens encounter both lymphocytes and macrophages which can destroy antigens. Filtered lymph then exits the node via efferent lymphatic vessels at the hilum
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WHAT IS THE LARGEST MASS OF LYMPHATIC TISSUE IN THE BODY
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The Spleen
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WHAT DOES THE SPLEEN FILTER
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Blood, not lymph
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WHAT IS WHITE PULP
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Found in the spleen, it is where B and T cells carry out immune reactions, macrophages are also present
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WHAT IS RED PULP
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found in the spleen, it is where fixed macrophages remove old blood cells and platelets. It also stores up to one third of body supply of platelets. Responsible for hemopoeisis during fetal life.
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WHEN IS THE THYMUS AT ITS LARGEST.
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In infants, it atrophies after puberty
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WHAT IS PARENCHYMA
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White and Red Pulp
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WHAT IS M.A.L.T.
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Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue also called Lymphatic nodules. They are not organs
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WHERE ARE LYMPHATIC NODULES LOCATED
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They are scattered throughout the lamina propria (CT of mucosa), some extend into submucosa of GI, urinary, respiratory and reproductive systems. Include tonsils, appendix, Peyers patch in LP
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WHAT IS INNATE IMMUNITY
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It provides the same (non-specific) response to all antigens. There is no memory. Includes the skin and mucous membranes. All present at birth.
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LIST THE PHYSICAL FACTORS OF INNATE IMMUNITY
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Epidermis, mucous membranes, mucus, hairs, cilia, tears, saliva, urine, defecation and vomiting
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LIST THE CHEMICAL FACTORS OF INNATE IMMUNITY
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Sebum, lysozymes, gastric juice,vaginal secretions
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WHAT IS THE FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
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Physical and Chemical barriers to prevent entrance of antigen
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WHAT IS THE SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
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It is used if antigen penetrates the first line: includes antimicrobial Substances, Natural Killer Cells, Phagocytes, Inflammation, Fever
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NAME THE 4 ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES
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Interferons
Complement System Iron Binding Proteins Antimicrobial Proteins |
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WHAT IS OPSONIZATION
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Coating of antigen in order to enhance phagocytosis
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WHAT ARE IRON BINDING PROTEINS
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plasma proteins that bind iron ions, include Transferrins, Ferritin, and Lactoferrin
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WHAT ARE THE 5 STAGES OF PHAGOCYTOSIS
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1. Chemotaxis- Chemical signal
2. Adherence- Cell attaches to antigen 3. Ingestion- Pseudopods; phagosome 4. Digestion-Lysosome fuses with phagosome 5. Killing- Oxidative burst |
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WHAT ARE NATURAL KILLER CELLS AND WHERE ARE THEY FOUND
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Found in blood, spleen, nodes, and red bone marrow, they are not B or T Cells.Attack any cell with abnormal plasma protein
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WHAT ARE THE 3 STAGES OF INFLAMMATION
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1. Vasodilation
2. Emigration 3. Tissue Repair |
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WHAT ARE ANTIGENS
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Anything that provokes an immune response. Antigens are large complex molecules and most often they are proteins
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GIVE SOME EXAMPLES OF ANTIGENS
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Bacteria, virus, protista, fungi, Allergens (pollen, egg whites, peanuts)
Incompatible blood cells, transplanted tissues or organs |
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WHAT IS A COMPLETE ANTIGEN
WHAT IS IMMUNOGENICITY WHAT IS REACTIVITY |
Complete antigens have 2 functional properties: Immunogenicity and Reactivity
Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to provoke an immune response-to stimulate the production of a specific antibody and or a specific T Cell Reactivity is the ability of an antigen to react with those specific antibodies or immune cells that the immune reaction provoked. |
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WHAT ARE EPITOPES
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Small parts of the antigen that trigger the immune reaction. They have immunogenicity. They stimulate the production of Ab and or T Cells
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WHAT ARE HAPTENS
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Molecules that are too small to provoke a reaction by themselves but with another molecule can provoke a reaction.
Haptens have reactivity Haptens lack immunogenicity Some drugs, detergents, cosmetics, and poison ivy are examples of haptens, they combine with proteins in the body to cause allergic/immune reactions |
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WHAT IS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
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The bodies ability to defend itself against specific invading agents such as bacteria, toxins, viruses and foreign tissue
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WHAT ARE TWO PROPERTIES THAT DISTINGUISH ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY FROM INNATE
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1. Specificity for particular antigens, which involves distinguishing self
2. Memory for most previously encountered antigens so that a second encounter prompts an even more rapid and vigorous response |
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NAME THE TWO MOST COMMON PORTALS OF ENTRY FOR ANTIGENS
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Respiratory and Digestive systems
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WHAT ARE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX ANTIGENS
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They are self antigens located in cell membranes, they help T Cells distinguish self from non self. They are transmembrane glycoproteins. There are two classes:
1. MHC Class I- are found on cell membranes of all body cells except RBC's 2. MHC Class II- only found on cell membranes of Antigen Presenting Cells: B Cells, macrophages, dendritic cells |
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WHAT ARE ENDOGENOUS ANTIGENS
WHAT ARE EXOGENOUS ANTIGENS |
endogenous antigens are antigens present within unhealthy body cells (infected with virus or intracellular bacteria or tumor cells) They are MHC I no APC needed. CD-8 cells involved
Exogenous antigens are foreign antigens outside of body cells include bacteria, toxins, parasitic worms, pollen, dust, viruses. APC's involved MHC-II and CD4 cells involved5 |
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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MHC-I ANTIGENS AND MHC-II ANTIGENS
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MHC-I are from unhealthy body cells displaying abnormal proteins that are seen as foreign, endogenous antigens
MHC-II antigens display peptides that come from outside the body, they are seen as foreign, they are exogenous antigens |
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WHAT IS CLONAL SELECTION
WHERE DOES IT OCCUR |
The process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates. As a result a very large population of identical cells is formed, effector and memory. This occurs in secondary lymphatic tissue
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WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EFFECTOR AND MEMORY CELLS
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Effector: Carry out an immune reaction, these cells are T helper and Active T cytotoxic Plasma cells. Most of these cells die after the immune reaction has ended
Memory : Do not participate in initial response, carry out subsequent responses to the same antigen. These include Memory T helper, Memory T cytotoxic and memory B cells. Memory cells often last for decades |
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DEFINE POSITIVE SELECTION AND NEGATIVE SELECTION
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Positive selection allows recognition of the MHC antigen
Negative selection provides self tolerance of self proteins/peptides |
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WHAT ARE THE THREE MAIN APC's AND WHAT ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS
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Macrophage: phagocytosis; processing and presentation of foreign antigens to T cells
Secretion of Interleukin-1, which stimulates secretion of interleukin-2 by helper T cells and induces proliferation of B Secretion of interferons that stimulate T cell growth Dendritic Cells: Processes and presents antigen to T cells and B cells Found in mucous membranes, skin and lymph nodes B Cell: Processes and presents antigen to T Helper cells |
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NAME THE DIFFERENT LYMPHOCYTES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
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Cytotoxic Cells: Kills host target cells by releasing GRANZYMES that induce apoptosis, PERFORIN that causes cytolysis, GRANULYSIN that destroys microbes, LYMPHOTOXIN that destroys target cell DNA, GAMMA-INTERFERON that attracts macrophages and increases phagocytic activity.
Helper T Cell: Cooperates with B cells to amplify antibody production by plasma cells and secretes INTERLEUKIN-2, which stimulates proliferation of T cells and B cells. Memory T Cell: Remains in lymphatic tissue and recognizes original invading antigen, even years after first encounter. B Cell: Differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cell Plasma Cell: Descendant of B cell that produces and secretes antibodies Memory Cell: Descendant of B cell that remains after an immune response and is ready to respond rapidly and forcefully should the same antigen enter the body in the future. |
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DESCRIBE HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF A NEWBORN
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Occurs only in Rh negative mothers carrying Rh positive fetuses. Exposure to Rh positive blood sensitizes the mother. AntiRH is given to mother to prevent sensitization.
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WHAT CELLS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY
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B cells----> Plasma cells that then secrete antibody, each antibody can bind and inactivate a specific antigen
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WHAT CELLS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE/IMMUNITY
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CD-8 T Cells become Tcytogenic cells which attack and kill antigen
CD-4 T Cells become Thelper cells |
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WHAT IS ANTIBODY MEDIATED RESPONSE/IMMUNITY EFFECTIVE AGAINST
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Extracellular antigens
Antigens in body fluids |
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WHAT IS CELL MEDIATED RESPONSE/IMMUNITY EFFECTIVE AGAINST
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Intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungus within cells)
Some cancer cells Foreign transplanted tissue |
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WHICH CELLS RECOGNIZE AND DIRECTLY BIND ANTIGENS IN LYMPH, INTERSTITIAL FLUID AND PLASMA
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B CELLS
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WHICH CELLS ONLY RECOGNIZE FRAGMENTS OF FOREIGN ANTIGENS THAT ARE PRESENTED TO THEM ALONG WITH SELF ANTIGENS
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T CELLS
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WHAT CELLS MAKE INTERLEUKIN-2
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T helper cells
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WHAT DO T CELLS REQUIRE TO BECOME ACTIVATED
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T cells require two signals:
1. Antigen recognition: bind both protein fragment and MHC antigen 2. Costimulation by interleukin-2 or another cytokine |
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HOW DO Tc CELLS DESTROY SPECIFIC FOREIGN CELLS
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1. Granzymes: induce apoptosis
2. Perforin: makes channels in cell membrane...lysis 3. Granulysin: enters through channels created perforin...lysis 4. Lymphotoxin: activates enzymes that destroy DNA 5. Gamma Interferon: attracts phagocyitc cells to area |
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WHAT ACTIONS DO ANTIBODIES TAKE
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1. Neutralize antigen
2. Immobilize Bacteria 3. Agglutination/precipitation of antigen 4. Activate complement 5. Enhance phagocytosis |
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WHAT ARE THE CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES
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IgG: most abundant Ab in blood
crosses placenta, fixes complement IgA: found in sweat tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, GI secretions, lymph, blood IgM: in blood, lymph; first Ab produced, fixes compliment, agglutination, lysis, antiA and antiB are IgM IgD: mainly on B cell surface as antigen receptor IgE: on mast cells and basophils; allergic and hypersensitivity reactions |
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WHAT IS COMPLEMENT
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Complement is non specific defense, but IgG and IgM can activate it. Activation of complement involves a cascade
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HOW DOES COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION OCCUR
WHAT ARE THE RESULTS |
Activation can occur in 3 ways:
1. Classical pathway starts when An-Ab complex forms 2. Alternative pathway involves lipid-carbohydrate complexes on microbes 3. Lectin pathway: macrophage ingests a microbe releasing chemicals that cause liver to produce proteins called lectins. Lectins start the cascade Regardless of activation pathway, the same 3 results are produced: 1. phagocytosis (opsonization) 2. inflammation 3. Lysis |
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DESCRIBE IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY
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IgM is the first antibody produced during the initial immune reaction. It takes about 7 days for IgM to peak and about 10 days for IgG to peak. A secondary reaction is much faster
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WHAT ARE THE 4 WAYS TO ACQUIRE ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
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Natural Active: patient contracts disease/encounters antigen: recovers. Memory
Natural Passive: IgG crosses placenta: IgA in breast milk to newborn Artificial Active: Vaccination; memory Artificial Passive: intravenous injection of Ab. snake anti-venom |
