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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lymph
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Fluid in tissue spaces
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Lymph
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Carries protein molecules and other substances back to the blood
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Functions of Lymphatic System
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Allows exchange of substances, i.e excess fluid and protein molecules that cannot occur in capillary beds
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Functions of Lymphatic System
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Filters out harmful substances from the lymph before returning to the blood
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Functions of Lymphatic System
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Acts as sewer system of the body
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Lymphatic Vessels
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One-way only movement of lymph through lymphatic vessel capillaries
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Lymphatic Vessel Capillaries
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Tiny blind-ended tubes distributed in tissue spaces
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Lymphatic Vessel Capillaries
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Microscopic in size, , poor "
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Lymphatic Vessel Capillaries
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Sheet consisting of one cell layer of simple squamous epithelium
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Lymphatic Vessel Capillaries
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Poor "fit" between adjacent cells results in porous walls
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Lymphatic Vessel Capillaries
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Called "lacteals" in the intestinal wall (for fat transportation)
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Vascular System
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Is like the Lymph System
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Intercellular Spaces
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Between Cells
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Tail of Spence
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Extension of breast tissue into underarm (lots of nodes/high cancer area)
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Lymph
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Low pressure
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High Pressure
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Arteriole (from heart), blood capillary, and venule (toward heart)
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Right Lymphatic Duct
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Drains lymph from the right upper extremity and right side of the head, neck, and upper torso
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Thoracic Duct
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Largest lymphatic vessel
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Cisterna Chyli (Thoracic Duct)
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An enlarged pouch along the course of the lymphatic vessels in the abdomen
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Thoraic Duct
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Drains lymph from about three quarters of the body
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Thoracic Duct
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Left subclavian vein
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Right Lymphatic Duct
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Right subclavian vein
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Lymph Nodes
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Filter lymph; located in clusters along the pathways of lymphatic vessels
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Lymph Nodes
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Functions include defense and WBC formation
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Flow of Lymph
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To node via several afferent lymph vessels
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Flow of Lymph
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From node by a single efferent lymph vessel
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Flow of Lymph
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Like a train station- several arrive, 1 leaves
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Valves
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No backflow
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Redness/Swelling
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High concentration of red blood cells (infected)
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Swelling/Soreness
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WBCs (monocytes, neutrophils are eating/fighting cells)
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Thymus
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Lymphoid tissue organ located in mediastinum
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Thymus
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Total weight of 35 to 40 g; little more than an ounce
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Thymus
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Plays a vital and central role in immunity
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Thymus
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Produces T lymphocytes, or T cells
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Thymus
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Secretes hormones called thymosins
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Thymus
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In adults, lymphoid tissue is largely replaced by fat and connective tissue in the process called involution
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Aids
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T4 below 200 = full blown aids
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Tonsils
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Composed of three masses of lymphoid tissue around the openings of the mouth and throat
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Palatine Tonsils
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The tonsils (2)
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Pharyngeal Tonsils
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Adenoids (remove for snoring)
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Lingual tonsils
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Behind tongue; vascular
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Tonsils
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Subject to chronic infection
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Tonsils
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Enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils may impair breathing
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Spleen
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Largest lymphoid organ in body
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Spleen
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Located in upper left quadrant of abdomen
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Spleen
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Often injured by trauma to abdomen
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Spleen
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Surgical removal called splenectomy
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Spleen
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Functions include phagocytosis of bacteria and old RBCs; acts as a blood reservoir
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Functions of the Immune System
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Protects the body from pathologic bacteria, foreign tissue cells, and cancerous cells
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Immune System
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Made up of specialized cells and molecules
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Nonspecific Immunity
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Skin, tears and mucus, inflammation
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Skin
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Mechanical barrier to bacteria and other harmful agents
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Tears and mucus
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Wash eyes and trap and kill bacteria
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Inflammation
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Attracts immune cells to site of injury, increases local blood flow, increases vascular permeability
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Inflammation
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Promotes movement of WBCs to site of injury or infection
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Inflammatory Response
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Inflammation is a generalized response to an invader such as bacteria that are causing tissue damage
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Inflammatory Response
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This triggers release of factors from immune cells
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Inflammatory Response
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The presence of immune factors attracts WBCs
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Inflammatory Response
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Factors also cause increased blood flow (site becomes warm and reddened) and increased vascular permeability (site swells with associated discomfort)
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Inflammatory Response
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These immune factor-mediated changes help phagocytic WBCs reach the site and enter the affected tissue
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Pus
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WBCs and phagocytized cells being kicked out
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Specific Immunity
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Ability of body to recognize, respond to, and remember harmful substances or bacteria
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Inherited or Inborn Immunity
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Inherited immunity to certain diseases from birth
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Acquired Immunity (Not Immunization)
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Natural immunity occurs when exposure to causative agent is not deliberate
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Active Immunity (Natural)
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Active disease produces immunity
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Passive Immunity (Natural)
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Immunity passes from mother to fetus through placenta or from mother to child through mother's milk
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Acquired Immunity
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Artificial immunity occurs when exposure to causative agent is deliberate
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Active Immunity (Artificial)
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Vaccination results in immunity
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Passive Immunity (Artificial)
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Protective material developed in another individual's immune system and given to previously non-immune individual
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Antibodies (Immune System Molecules)
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Protein compounds with specific combining sites
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Humoral or Antibody-Mediated Immunity
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Immunity conferred by the action of antibodies
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Antigen-Antibody complexes have various modes of action
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Neutralize toxins, clump or agglutinate enemy cells, promote phagocytosis
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Agglutinate
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Clump
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Phagocytosis
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Cell eating
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Complement Proteins
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Group of at least 14 proteins normally present in blood in an inactive state
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Complement Fixation
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Important mechanism of action for antibodies
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Complement Fixation
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Causes cell lysis by permitting entry of water through a defect created in the plasma membrane
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Phagocytes
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Ingest and destroy foreign cells or other harmful substances via phagocytosis
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Types of Phagocytes
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Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophages
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Two types of Macrophages
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Kupffer's cells, Dust cells
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Lymphocytes
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Most numerous of immune system cells
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Development of B cells
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Primitive stem cells migrate from red bone marrow and go through two stages of development
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Development of B cells (stage 1)
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Stem cells develop into immature B cells
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Development of B Cells
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Immature B cells are small lymphocytes; each synthesizes highly specific antibody molecules in their plasma membranes
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B Cells
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Migrate via the bloodstream chiefly to lymph nodes
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B cells
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Become seed cells in the lymph nodes
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B Cells
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Undergo mitosis to make clones of themselves containing their specific antibody
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Development of B Cells (stage 2)
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Immature B cell develops into activated B cell if it comes in contact with its specific antigen
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B cell (stage 2)
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Is activated by antigens binding to its surface antibodies
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Activated B cell (stage 2)
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Divides repeatedly, forming two clones of cells: plasma cells, memory cells
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Function of B Cells (Humoral Immunity)
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Because of circulating antibodies
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Humoral Immunity
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Activated B cells develop into plasma cells
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Humoral Immunity
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Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood
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Humoral Immunity
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Circulating antibodies produce humoral immunity
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Development of T Cells (stage 1)
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Stem cells from bone marrow migrate to thymus gland
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T Cells (stage 1)
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Stem cells develop into T cells several months before and after birth
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T Cells (stage 1)
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T cells have protein molecules on their cytoplasmic membrane shaped to bind to only one kind of antigen
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T Cells (stage 1)
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T cells migrate from thymus chiefly to lymph nodes, liver, and spleen
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T Cells (stage 2)
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Occurs only if a specific antigen binds to T cells' surface proteins
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T Cells (stage 2)
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T cells develop into sensitized T cells
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B
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Humoral
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T
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Cell
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Function of T Cells
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Provide cell-mediated immunity
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Function of T Cells
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Kill invading cells directly by releasing a substance that poisons cells
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Function of T Cells
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Release chemicals that attract and activate macrophages to kill cells by phagocytosis
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Sensitized T cell
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Secretes near invading cells
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Cell Poison
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Kills invading cell bound to sensitized T cell
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Cell Poison
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Compounds that act directly
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Attracting Factor
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Compounds that act indirectly
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Attracting Factor
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Attracts macrophages to vicinity of invading cells
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Macrophage-activating Factor
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Accelerates phagocytosis by macrophages
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Attracting Factor and Macrophage-activating Factor
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Promote Phagocytosis
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Humoral Immunity
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Immunity conferred by the action of antibodies
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Humoral
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Antibodies
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Humoral Immunity
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Activated B cells - plasma cells and memory cells
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Cell-mediated Immunity
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Immunity conferred by the action of cells
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Cell-mediated Immunity
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Sensitized T cells
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Cell-mediated Immunity
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Kill invading cells directly by releasing lymphotoxin or releasing lymphokines that attract and activate macrophages to kill cells by phagocytosis
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