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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Term for this: General protection against irritants, foreign particles, many types of pathogens
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Nonspecific body defenses
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The two nonspecific body defenses
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Inflammatory response
Phagocytosis |
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Which nonspecific body defense produces heat, redness, swelling, and pain
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Inflammatory response
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Scientific term for swelling
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Edema
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What does an injury activate in an inflammatory response?
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Activates chemical mediators that attract WBCs to deal with pathogens
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What are three examples of pathogens that an inflammatory response attacks?
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Bacteria
Viruses Foreign matter |
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In an inflammatory response, what symptoms does increased blood flow cause?
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Heat, redness, swelling, pain in an area
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In an inflammatory response, what does increased permeability of vasculature cause?
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Causes tissue fluid build-up
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Scientific term for tissue fluid-build up
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Edema
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What causes the pain from an inflammatory response?
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The tissue fluid build-up (edema)
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What is the point of the increased permeability of vasculature in an inflammatory response?
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Allows RBCs and WBCs greater access to area
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An inflammatory response allows RBCs and WBCS greater access to an area, but especially this kind of cell.
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Esp. phagocytes
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Scientific term for this: Neutrophils & monocytes that can morph into macrophages & then phagocytose pathogens
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Phagocytosis
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In phagocytosis, what two kinds of cells can morph into macrophages?
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Neutrophils and monocytes and morph into macrophages
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Neutrophils and monocytes are both what type of cell?
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White blood cell
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In phagocytosis, what kind of cell can neutrophils and monocytes morph into?
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Can morph into macrophages
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Phagocytose
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Engulf and destroy
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Phagocytosis works throughout the body, but esp. in what system and in what substance?
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especially in the lymphatic system and in the blood
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Besides inflammatory response and phagocytosis, what are two other non-specific body defenses?
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Natural killer cells
Fever |
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Natural killer cells
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Special lymphocytes that inject chem's to kill pathogens or cause inflammation
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What kind of immunity/body defenses acts in specific ways against specific harmful agents?
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Specific immunity/body defenses
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What is the best example of specific immunity?
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Antibodies being created by B-lymphocytes
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What are special chemicals created by B-lymphocytes?
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Antibodies
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What are B-lymphocytes?
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immune cells
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Function of antibodies
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Bind to/inactivate specific foreign molecules
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Specific foreign (non-self) molecules?
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Antigens
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What are antigens associated with?
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With specific kinds of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, etc.)
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Lock & key analogy for how antibodies & antigens interact:
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The key instead of opening the lock, prevents the lock from opening/working/doing its job
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Which defenses are slower to develop, non-specific defenses or specific body defenses?
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Specific body defenses are slower
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How long does it usually take to develop the antibodies to attack the antigen after an "antigen challenge"?
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Usually takes weeks after "antigen challenge"
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After an "antigen challenge" it usually takes weeks to develop antibodies to attack the antigen. What is this attacking of the antigen called?
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Primary initial immune response
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Which body defenses involves a diffuse system of immune cells?
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Specific immunity
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Specific immunity involves a diffuse system of immune cells primarily located in/associated with what two things?
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With the lymphatic system & lymphoid tissues/organs
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Specific immunity is primarily located in the lymphatic system and lymphoid tissues, including what 6 structures?
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6 structures:
1. Lymph nodes 2. Spleen 3. Tonsils 4. Thymus 5. leukocytes 6. macrophages |
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What do leukocytes and macrophages travel in?
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travel in blood
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Explain what it means that specific immunity is selective.
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Selective: immunity to one disease does NOT produce immunity to another
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Why is specific immunity selective?
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Because each antibody is specific for a particular antigen to which it binds
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The lock and key analogy works for antibody/antigen interaction because of how an antibody inactivates an antigen. But it works for one other reason as well...
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Antibody is specific for a particular antigen to which it binds and NO OTHER antigen, just like a lock & key
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Main categories of specific immunity
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Inborn immunity
Acquired immunity |
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What kind of immunity is inherited along with other characteristics in a person's genes?
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Inborn immunity
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What kind of immunity is genetic immunity
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Inborn immunity
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Which kind of immunity develops after birth & can come about by active or passive exposure to a particular pathogen?
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Acquired immunity
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The two types of acquired immunity
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Natural acquired immunity
Artificial acquired immunity |
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Three types of inborn immunity
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- Species
- Population - Individual |
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Definition of species immunity
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Immunity that one species has to certain diseases that occur in other species
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Humans as a species are immune to certain diseases that are specific to other species. Give me three examples of diseases which humans are immune two.
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Chicken cholera
Hog cholera Canine distemper |
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Humans may still get specifically human versions of some diseases we're immune to from inborn immunity. What is an example of one human version of a disease we can get?
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Human cholera
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Humans can not contract chicken & hog cholera. What kind of immunity is this?
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Inborn species immunity
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Humans can get diseases that do NOT affect other species. Give me four examples of diseases you can get, but your dog or cat cannot. (At least 3)
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Human versions of...
measles scarlet fever diptheria influenza |
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Greater inborn immunity to certain human diseases among one human population group compared to other human population groups is called what?
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Population immunity
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Why is measles an example of population immunity?
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Measles: mild in Europeans & Americans, but often fatal among Pacific islanders
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Measles is mild in Europeans & Americans, but often fatal among Pacific islanders. What tragic events did this cause?
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Wiped out many native American & Hawaiian populations
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Why did measles wipe out many native Americans & Hawaiian populations? Why didn't they have population immunity too?
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Due to lack of prior exposure to measles virus & therefore lack of developed genetic resistance/inborn immunity
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Why is poliomyelitis an example of population immunity?
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Poliomyelitis: Milder in black Americans than in white Americans
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Two other examples of population immunity
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Malaria
Yellow Fever |
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For population immunity, it can be difficult to sort out environmental factors producing lessened susceptibility from what other kind of factors?
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From inborn factors
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What two environmental factors could cause population immunity?
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Protective diets, lifestyles
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Individual immunity
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Individual differences in susceptibility to specific diseases
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Example of individual immunity
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Cold sores
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Cold sores
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Fever blisters caused by one type of herpes virus
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Why are cold sores an example of individual immunity?
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Some people are more susceptible to cold sores than others just because of inborn (genetic) differences
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_______: immunity that develops during a person's lifetime in response to exposure to harmful/pathogenic agents
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Acquired immunity
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2 types of acquired immunity
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Natural acquired immunity
Artificial acquired immunity |
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Natural acquired immunity can be gained by what two means?
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Active means
Passive means |
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Active means of natural acquired immunity
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Exposure to disease-causing agent (pathogen)
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Passive means of natural acquired immunity
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Derived from the immune response of another individual
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Two ways someone could get natural acquired immunity by passive means:
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Immunity of a fetus
Immunity of an infant |
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Immunity of a fetus
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Gained from its mother through the placenta (via blood supply)
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Immunity of an infant
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Gained from its mother through the mother's breast milk
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An infant can get natural acquired immunity by passive means fro its mother's breast milk. How?
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Mother's antibodies in breast milk protect baby
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Artificial acquired immunity can be gained by that two means?
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Active means or passive means
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How is artificial acquired immunity gained by active means?
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Obtained by a vaccine
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Vaccine
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Killed or attenuated pathogen
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Attenuated
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weakened
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Toxoid
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A toxin from a pathogen that has been chemically altered to destroy its dangerous effects
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How are vaccines made?
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From recombinant DNA from the pathogen
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How is artificial acquired immunity gained by passive means?
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Obtained by receiving immune serum
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Source of immune serum
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Another individual who already has immunity
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Why can someone get artificial acquired immunity by receiving immune serum?
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antibodies occur in the serum/plasma
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Antigen
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Any foreign substance that enters the body and produces an immune response
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Antigens are generally what kind of molecules?
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large protein molecules
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Antigens are generally large protein molecules, but they can be smaller, and they can consist of what two things?
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can consist of some carbohydrates or some lipids
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Antigens are found on or occur as what five things?
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Found on or occur as:
- Surfaces of pathogens - RBCs & tissue cells - Pollens - Toxins - Foods |
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Antigens can be found on RBCs and tissue cells. What should this remind you of?
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Recall blood type antigens
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What two foods are especially notorious for having antigens?
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Peanuts, milk products
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Antigens stimulate the activity of what two types of cells?
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T- or B-lymphocytes
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Many substances can induce low-grade, typically non-threatening immune responses called...
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called allergies
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An allergy is a tendency to react unfavorably to substance that is _____________________ to most people
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normally harmless
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An allergy is a _______________ of the immune system to relatively harmless environmental antigens
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Hypersensitivy
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two most important kinds of cells of the immune system
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Lymphocytes and macrophages
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Two types of lymphocytes
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T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes |
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Which kind of lymphocyte has multiple subtypes?
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T-lymphocytes have multiple subtypes
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function of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
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Directly engage & kill antigen-bearing pathogens
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What do B-lymphocytes become when sensitized?
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become plasma cells
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B-lymphocytes when sensitized become plasma cells. What do plasma cells produce? Why?
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Produce antibodies to chemically inactivate antigens & pathogens
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Both kinds of lymphocytes can produce these 2 types of cells
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Primary cells
Memory cells |
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Function of primary cells
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To produce primary/initial immune response
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Memory cells: what are they and what can they do?
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Long-lived cells that can "remember" & respond to a secondary infection
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What kind of cells do the secondary immune response?
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Memory cells
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What two kinds of cells are macrophages derived from?
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Derived from neutrophils & monocytes
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Function of macrophages
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Recognize & present antigens to lymphocytes
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Two main functions of immune cells
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- Patrol body to recognize pathogens & their associated foreign proteins
- Work together to kill or inactivate them |
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MACs =
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Macrophages
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What important task do macrophages do for T-lymphocytes?
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Provide a "reference dictionary" for self vs. non-self surface proteins
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Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
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MACS & other immune system cells which present antigens for TL consideration
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How do MACs do their antigen-presenting job for the TLs?
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After phagocytosing a pathogen, they then express its antigens on its surface. Then they present these foreign antigens on their surface to the TLs.
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How do MACs remind the TLs who is "us" (the good buys) & who is "them" ("the bad guy pathogens")?
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By presenting a large sample array of "self" proteins to the TLs
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The "good guy" sample of antigens that MACs present to TLs
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
(Remember, "histo" = tissue; hence "tissue compatible") |
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Determining THESE is important in cross-matching tissue for tissue transplantation.
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Determining major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
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MHCs (Major histocompatibility complexes) are also called these, because white blood cells are used in testing tissues for compatibility.
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also called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
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