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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the organs involved in lymphatic system?
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Red bone marrow, Encapsulated tissue and diffuse lymphatic tissue.
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What is included in encapsulated tissue?
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Thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.
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What is included in diffuse lymphatic tissue?
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Tonsils, adenoids, peyers patches, and appendixx
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What are the functions of the lymphatic system? (5)
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1)Surface protection
2) Drain excess interstitial fluid and plasma protein form tissue spaces. 3) Transport of dietary lipids and vitamins from GI tract. 4)Facilitate immune response 5) Acute inflamation. |
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How does the lymphatic system facilitate immune response?
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Specify and target invading organisms
Recognize self from non-self Activate immune system to neutralize or destroy the antigen. |
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WHat mediates the response of acute inflammateion?
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Neutrophils (the response is always the same)
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Where do T cells mature?
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In the thymus.
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What are primary lymphatic organs? What do they do?
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Bone marrow and thymus provide an environment for stem cells to divide and mature into B and T lymphocytes.
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What are secondary lymphatic organs and tissues? What happens here?
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Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues are sites where most immune responses occur. Lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic nodules are examples of these.
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At what point are B cells mature?
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After they leave the marrow.
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When are T cells mature?
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After they leave the thymus.
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What mediates cellular immunity? What are the cells reacting to? What makes it different from humoral immunity?
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Mediated by T lymphocytes.
These cells are reacting to foreign cells or viruses Delayed hypersensitivity takes 1-2 days No circulating factors are found There is inflammation at the site. |
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What mediates humoral immunity? How quickly does hypersensitivity occur? What is in the circulation?
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Humoral immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes and reacts to immediate hypersensitivity. There are antibodies in the circulation and they inactivate or destroy foreign substances.
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In which immune reaction is there an immediate hypersensitivity?
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humoral immunity
Cellular immunity is delayed. |
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Antibodies are required for what type of immune response?
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Humoral immunity.
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What circulating factors are found in cellular immunity?
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NONE!
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What are the 4 kinds of hypersensitivity?
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Type I (allergy or anaphylaxis)
Type II (Antibody-mediated cellular destruction) Type III (Preformed Ag-Ab complexes induce inflammatory response) (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) Type IV (T-cell driven: Cellular destruction (graft rejection). |
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What identifies helper T cells? What do helper T cells do?
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Helper T cells are identified by CD4. They stimulate differentiation of B cells. They are destroyed by AIDS virus.
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What identifies suppressor T-cells? What do they do?
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Identified by CD8. THey inhibit action of Th cells and Tc cells (shut down response)
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What identifies cytotoxic T-cells? What do they do?
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Cytotoxic T cells are identified by CD8. They perform cell lysis.
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What is the main role of B cells? What type of antibody is on the surface?
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The main role of B cells are effectors. They have 150,000 IgM on the surface.
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What do natural killer cells do? What activates them?
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Natural killer cells kill virus infected and malignant cells. They do not need activation.
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After B-cells become activated what do they become?
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Plasma cells.
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What are the functions of T-cells that mature in the thymus? What are they effective against?
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Cell mediated response. Killer cells attack antigens. Helper cells cosimulate T and Bcells. They are effective against fungi, viruses, parasites, and cancer and tissue transplants.
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What ist he main function of B-cells in bone marrow? What are they effective against?
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B cells are antibody mediated responses. Plasma cells form antibodies and they are effective against bacteria.
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What are the 2 tissue elements of the lymphatic system?
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1) Reticular CT
- form stroma or framework of tissues 2) Cells in spaces between the reticular fibers - lymphocytes, macrophates, plasma cells, antigen presenting cells. |
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What do plasma cells do?
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Form antibodies.
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What connects they lymphatic system to the blood vascular system?
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Lymphatic vessels.
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What divides the thymus into lobules?
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Capsule and trabeculae.
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Each lobule of the thymus has what?
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Cortex and medulla.
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What makes up the cortex in the thymus?
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Tightly packed lymphocytes and macrophages.
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What makes up the medulla?
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Reticular epithelial cells produce thymic hormones and Hassall's corpuscles.
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What are the three types of epithelial reticular cells found in the cortex of the thymus? What do each of them do?
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Type I- isolate the cortex from the body (occulidng junctions)
Type II - divide cortex into lymphocyte filled pockets (desmosomal junctions) Type III - corticomedullary junction- isolates cortex from medulla (occluding junctions. |
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What are the 3 types of epithelial reticualr cells found in the medulla? What do each of them do?
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Type IV - corticomedullary junction
Type V - framework of medulla Type VI - Hassall's corpuscles |
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Where are Hassall's corpuscles found?
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IN the thymus.
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What type of general celsl are found in the medulla?
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Less dense lymphocytes, slightly enlarged in size and chosen for death.
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What is the purpose of tolerance?
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Recognize self from non self.
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What are the 2 mechanisms via tolerance occurs?
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1) Anergy-disabling of the immunocompentent cell
2) Killing of immunocompentent cells that would recognize self-antigens. This occurs in the thymus. |
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True or false. The thymic cortex is in close contact with the rest of the body.
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False the thymic cortex is isolated from the body.
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What are the 3 functions of type II and III epithelial reticular cells?
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Antigen presenting cells, self antigens, and express MHC I and MHC II.
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What are MHC I and MHC II?
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Docking molecules present on B and T cells. The receptor plus the MHC molecule allow cells to do their job.
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When are cells killed?
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If TCR recognizes self antigens or T cell CD4 CD8 can't recognize MHC I or MHC II.
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What happens to B cells taht are not cosimulated?
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Inactivation (anergy of cell)
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Describe the lymph nodes.
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Bean shaped organs up to 1 inch long located along lymphatic vessels.
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Where are lymph nodes concentrated?
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Near mammary glands, axillae and groin.
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What forms the stroma of lymph nodes?
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Capsule, trabeculae, and reticular fibers.
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What is the parenchyma of lymph nodes divides into ?
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Cortex and medulla.
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What is contained within the cortex of lymph nodes? What happens here?
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Lymphatic nodules with germinal centers containing dendritic cells (antigen presenting cells and macrophages) B cells proliferate into antibody-secreting plasma cells.
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What is contained within the medulla of lymph nodes?
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B cells and plasma cells in medullary cords.
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What is in the primary nodule of lymph node cortexes?
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B cells that have not been activated.
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What is in the secondary nodules of lymph node cortexes?
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B cell region where antigen presentation has taken place. (1st step to becoming a plasma cell)
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What is filtered in the node of lymph nodes??
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LYMPH NOT BLOOD!
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Describe the pattern of lymph flow in lymph nodes.
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Flow is in one direction. Afferent vessels lead in.
Sinuses lead to efferent vessels that exit at hilus. |
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What does the spleen filter?
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Blood not lymph!
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What does the hilus of the spleen contain?
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Blood and lymphatic vessels.
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Where is the spleen?
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Between the stomach and diaphragm.
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What does the stroma of the spleen consist of?
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Capsule, trabeculae, fibers and fibroblasts.
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What does the parenchyma of the spleen consist of?
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White and red pulp.
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What is the white pulp of spleen?
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White is lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes and macrophages) around branches of splenic artery.
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What is the red pulp of the spleen?
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Venous sinuses filled with blood and splenic tissue (splenic cords).
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What are the 2 forms of circulation in the spleen? Describe them.
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The open form of circuation dumps into red pulp.
The closed form of circulation is where the central artery goes directly to sinusoid. |
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What lines marginal zone sinuses?
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Macrophages and antigen presenting cells.
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What is the purpose of reticular fibers in the spleen?
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Provide structural support.
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What do M cells do in lymph nodules?
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Antigen presentation cells, also antigen transporter cells.
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Where do lymph nodules have a well defined structure?
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Only in peyer's patch.
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What is in the follicle of peyer's patch?
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B cells
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Where are peyer's patches found?
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In the ileum of the small intestines.
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Where are mucosa associated lymphoid tissue found?
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Gastrointestinal tract, trachea, tonsils, peyer's patch, appendix, respiratory tract.
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What is the functions of mucosa associated associated lymphod tissue?
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Antigen presentation and phagocytosis.
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What are lymphatic nodules?
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Concentrations of lymphatic tissue not surrounded by a capsule. They are scattered throught out the CT of mucous membranes.
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What are the 3 tonsils and where are they?
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Adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
Palatine tonsils (on each side wall) Lingual tonsil (in the back of the tongue). |
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What are lymphatic vessels and what do they do?
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They are capillaries that begin as closed ended tubes. They are found in spaces between cells.
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Where do lymphatic vessels empty?
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Subclavian vaeins.
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What keeps the lymph flowing towards the heart?
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Respiratory and mucular pumps as well as valves that push them towards the thoracic duct.
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