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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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auto - self
gen - become humor - moisture, fluid immun - free, exempt |
inflamm - to set on fire
nod - knot path - disease, sickness |
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Lymphatic System
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Network of vessels that assist in circulating fluids
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Function of Lymphatic System
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Transports excess fluid away from interstitial spaces
Transports fluid to bloodstream Transports fats to bloodstream Help defend the body against diseases |
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Lymphatic Pathway
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Begins as lymphatic capillaries that merge to form larger vessels that unite w/ the veins in the thorax
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Hilum
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Indented region of the node where blood vessels & nerves join a lymph node
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Lacteals
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Lymphatic capillary associated w/ a villus of the small intestine
Involved in absorption of fats |
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Complement
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is a group of proteins, in plasma and other body fluids that interact in a series of reactions
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Lymph
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Tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic cavity
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Lymph Formation
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Excess fluid tissue entering lymphatic capillaries by means of hydrostatic pressure
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How does lymph join circulation (through which vein)
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Subclavian Vein
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Edema
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Fluid accumulation in tissue spaces
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Thymosin
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Protein hormone that stimulates maturation of T lymphocytes
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Lymph Node
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Mass of lymphoid tissue located along the course of a lymphatic vessel.
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Functions of Lymph Nodes
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-Filter potentially harmful particles from lymph before returning it to the bloodstream
-Immune surveillance by lymphocytes and macrophages -Also area of lymphocyte production |
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Major Locations of Lymphnodes
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Cervical Axillary
inquinal Pelvic Abdominal Thoracic Supratrochlear |
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Cytokine
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Type of protein secreted by a T lymphocyte that attacks viruses, virally infected cells and cancer cells. Enhance certain cellular responses to antigens.
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Types of Cytokine
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Colony Stimulating
Interferons Interleukins Tumor Necrosis Factor |
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Major organs of the Lymphatic System
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Lymph Nodes
Thymus Spleen |
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Thymus
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Filters Lymph
Small in adults Site of T lymphocytes (T Cells) Secrete Thymosins |
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Spleen
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Filters Blood
Largest lymphatic organ Sinuses filled w/ blood |
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Tissues in Spleen
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White Pulp - packed w/ lymphocytes
Red Pulp - Contains red blood cells, lympocytes and macrophages |
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Body Defenses against infection
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Pathogen
Innate Defenses Adaptive Defenses |
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Pathogen
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Disease causing agent
bacteria, viruses, etc. |
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Innate Defenses
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General defenses
Protects again many pathogens by blocking entry or destroying. |
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Types of Innate Defenses
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Species Resistance, Mechanical Barriers, Chemical Barriers, Fever, Natural Killer Cells, Inflammation, Phagocytosis
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Phagocytosis
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Process by which a cell engulfs & digests solds. Remove foreign particles from the lymph
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Immunoglobulin
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Globular plasma protein that functions as a antibody
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Major Immunoglobulins
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lgG
lgA lgM lgD lgE |
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lgG
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Occurs in plasma and tissue fluid
Defends against bacteria, viruses, and toxins; activate complement |
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lgA
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Occurs in exocrine gland secretions
Defends against bacteria and viruses |
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lgM
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Occurs in plasma
Reacts with antigens on some red blood cell membranes following mismatched blood transfusions; activates complement |
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lgD
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Occurs on surface of most B lymphocytes
B cell activation |
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lgE
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Occurs in exocrine gland secretions
Promotes inflammation and allergic reactions |
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Mast Cell
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Cell to which antibodies, formed in response to allergens attached, bursting the cell & releasing allergy mediators
Release Histamine |
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Autoimmunity
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A immune response against a persons own tissues.
Inability to distinquish "self" from "non-self" |
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Antibody (immunoglobulin)
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Molecule consists basically of 2 identical light chains of amino acids and 2 idential chains of amino acids
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Type 1 Diabetes
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Symptoms - Thirst, hunger, weakness, emaciation
Antibodies Against - Pacreatic beta cells |
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Hemolytic Anemia
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Symptoms - Fatique and weakness
Antibodies Against - Red blood cells |
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Symptoms - Weakness, incoordination, speech disturbances, visual complaints
Antibodies Against - Myelin in the white matter of the CNS |
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Myasthenia Gravis
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Symptoms - Muscle weakness
Antibodies Against - Receptors for neurotransmitters on skeletal muscle |
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Pernicious Anema
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Symptoms - Fatique and weakness
Antibodies Against - Binding site for vitamin B on cells lining stomach |
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Allergic Reaction
Type I (Immediate Reaction) |
Hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema, gastric disturbances, anaphylactic shock
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Allergic Reaction
Type II (Antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction) |
Takes 1-3 hours to develop
Transfusion reaction |
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Allergic Reaction
Type III (Immune-complex reaction) |
Takes 1-3 hours to develop
Antibody complexes cannot be cleared from body Damage of body tissue |
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Allergic Reaction
Type IV (Delayed-reaction allergy) |
Results from repeated exposure to allergen
eruptions & inflammation of the skin Takes about 48 hours to occur |
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4 classification of immunity
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Naturally acquired active immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity Naturally acquired passive immunity Artificially acquired passive immunity |
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Naturally acquired active immunity
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Acquired by exposure to live pathogens
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Artificially acquired active immunity
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Acquired by exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens or their components
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Artificially acquired passive immunity
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Acquired by injection of gamma globulin containing antibodie or antitoxin
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Naturally acquired passive immunity
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Acquired by antibodies passed to fetus from pregnant woman with active immunity or to newborn through breast milk from a woman with active immunity
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Major functions in the lymphatic system
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Transportation of excess fluid from interstitual spaced and defend against infection
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The lymphatic vessels in the lymphatic system are called
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Lacteals, which are involved in the absorption of fats
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Lymph rejoins the blood and becomes part of the plasma in
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the subclavian veins
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Lymph formation is mostly dependent on
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A sufficient volume of tissue fluid to create a pressure gradient between tissue and lymph capillaries
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Obstruction of lymph circulation will lead to
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edema
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Cells produced by lymph nodes
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Lymphocytes
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The thymus is located in the
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mediastinum
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Thymus
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Relatively large during infancy and childhood
Produces a substance called thymosin that stimulates the developmnt of lymphatic tissue |
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Agents that enter the body and cause disease
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Pathogens
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Examples of innate defenses are
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Skin
Acid environment of the stomach |
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The most active phagocytes in the blood
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neutrophils & monocytes
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The resistance to specific foreign agents in which certain cells recognize foreign substances and acto to destroy them is
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Immunity
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Lymphocytes seem to be able to recognize specific foreign protein because
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of the presence of receptor molecules on lymphocytes, which fit the molecules of antigens
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B Lymphocytes resond to foreign protein by
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Producing antibodies
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The most protective action of antibodies against antigens is activation of
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Complement
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Cell that displays the antigen to the cells of the immune system so they can defend the body against the particular antigen
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Antigen Presenting Cell
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Examples of Antigen Presenting Cells
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Macrophages
B Cells |
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T Cells
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Origin - Red Bon Marrow
Differentiate - Thymus Location - Lymphatic Tissue (70-80% of lymphocytes in blood) Functions - Provide cellular immune response by interacting directly w/ antigens to destroy them |
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B Cells
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Origin - Red bone marrow
Differentiate - Red bone marrow Location - Lymphatic Tissue (20-30% of lymphocytes in blood) Functions - Provide humoral immune response indirectly, producing antibodies that destroy the antigens |
