Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Reactivity/Antigenicity
|
An antigen ability to be recognised
|
|
|
Immunogenicity
|
An antigen's ability to cause an immune response
|
|
|
Hapten
|
An antigen without immunogenicity
|
|
|
Epitopes/Antigenic determinants
|
Small sections of an antigen
|
|
|
Exogenous
|
Originating outside of the body
|
|
|
Endogenous
|
Originating inside the body
|
|
|
Allergen
|
An antigen that stimulates and allergic response
|
|
|
Pathogen
|
Causes disease by disturbing cellular function and homeostasis
|
|
|
Virus
|
Non living structures that must enter another cell to replicate and cause disease
|
|
|
Capsid
|
A protein shell that surrounds a virus's DNA/RNA
|
|
|
Virion
|
A phospholipid enevlope from a previous host cell that surrounds the capsid and gentic code of a virus
|
|
|
Surface antigens
|
On the envelope - Antigenic portion of a virus - which are proteins
|
|
|
Core antigens
|
Capsid and genetic material of a virus
|
|
|
Receptor mediated endocytosis
|
Attaching to proteins on outside of cells and entering a cell together
|
|
|
Pinocytosis
|
Small sections of an antigen
|
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
Ingestion of particles by a cell
|
|
|
Envelope
|
The covering of a virus
|
|
|
Reverse transcriptase
|
An enzyme which allows a virus to insert it's RNA into a cell's DNA
|
|
|
Interferons
|
Cytokines released from cells infected by a virus
|
|
|
Type I (alpha) interferons
|
Interferons produced by WBC - alpha WBC
|
|
|
Type I (beta) interferons
|
Interferons produced by infected fibroblasts/epithelial cells - Beta fibroblasts
|
|
|
Type II (gamma) interferons
|
Interferons produced by T cells and Natural killer cells - Gamma destruction T & killer cells
|
|
|
IFN receptor I
|
Interferon receptor that binds to alpha and beta inferons
|
|
|
IFN receptor II
|
Interferon receptor that binds to gamma interferons
|
|
|
Bacteria
|
Unicellular structures with an inner cell membrane surroundinga cytoplasm ribosome and exposed DNA
|
|
|
Cilia/fimbriae
|
Hairlike structure attached to cell wall which allows substances to move around it
|
|
|
Flagellum
|
Tail of cell which propels entire bacterium
|
|
|
Gel capsule
|
Surrounding entire bacterium is a gelatinous substance
|
|
|
Binary fission
|
The way that a bacteria multiplies - involving expansion of bacterium and then splitting
|
|
|
Aerobic
|
requiring air for energy
|
|
|
Anaerobes
|
Cells that do not require air for metabolism
|
|
|
Non-specific infection mechanism
|
Provide resistance to a wide range of bacteria
|
|
|
Specific infection mechanism
|
Include reactions with T & B cells
|
|
|
Vascular effects
|
Vasodilation and ↑ permeability of capillaries, movement in and out of blood in interstital spaces
|
|
|
Cellular effects
|
emigration of white blood cells and phagocytosis
|
|
|
Leukotrienes
|
Mediators of inflammation and allergic responses (A/B/C/D types)
|
|
|
Chemotaxis
|
Attraction of white blood cells to an area of infection
|
|
|
Neutrophils - first type of white blood cells to arrive at the injury or infection"
|
"Type of WBC that highly destructive of microorganisms
|
|
|
Macrophages - arrive at the infection site hours later"
|
"Type of WBC that breaks down infective/foreign substances that recognisable by antigens
|
|
|
Diapedesis/Emigration
|
The process where the WBC moves in and out of capillary wall
|
|
|
Phospholipase A1
|
Enzyme that breaks FA 1 from phospholipids
|
|
|
Phospholipase A2
|
Enzyme that breaks FA 2 from phospholipids and forms arachidonic acid
|
|
|
Phospholipase C
|
Enzyme that breaks Phosphate from phospholipids
|
|
|
Phospholipase D
|
Enzyme that breaks Choline from phospholipids
|
|
|
Interleukin 1
|
Activation of Lymphocytes/mobilises neutrophils/fever
|
|
|
Interleukin 2
|
Proliferation of Lymphocytes/stimulates B cells
|
|
|
Interleukin 3
|
Stimulates mast cell development
|
|
|
Interleukin 4
|
T cell growth/ activation of B cells and IgE responses
|
|
|
Interleukin 5
|
stimulates eosinophils/increases IgA production
|
|
|
Interleukin 6
|
reaises temperature (pyrogen)/ stimulates immunoglobulin production
|
|
|
Interleukin 7
|
Stimulates bone marrow cells
|
|
|
Interleukin 8
|
Chemotaxis of neutrophils/T cell activation
|
|
|
Interleukin 10
|
activation of B cells and suppression of macrophages
|
|
|
Interleukin 12
|
Stimulates Th1 Production and suppresses Th 2 production
|
|
|
Kininogen
|
Bradykini is derived from this protein udner the influence of kallikrein
|
|
|
Prekallikrein
|
Is an enzyme that is converted to Kallikrein under the influence of hageman factor
|
|
|
Kallikrein
|
pre-cursor of bradykinin
|
|
|
Hageman factor
|
Clotting factor XII in the blood clotting cascade
|
|
|
Kininase II
|
Enzyme that vasoconstricts as a nett effect
|
|
|
Thromboxane
|
Vasoconstrict, platelet aggregation, bronchoconstrict
|
|
|
Prion
|
A very small pathogen
|
|
|
Bacteria
|
Enclosed organism that divides and can cause disease
|
|
|
Inflammation response
|
Theprocess where the body responds to an invader
|
|
|
Prostacyclin
|
Vasodilates, limits platelet aggregation, releases renin
|
|
|
PAF
|
Platelet activating factor from cell membrane of neutrohils, macrophages that has pro-inflammatory response
|
|
|
Bradykinin
|
stimulate nociceptors - pain, capillary permeability, ↑prostacylcin and nitric oxide, contracts smooth muscle
|
|
|
Pathogen types
|
Prion, Virus, rickettsiae, chlyamydiae, bacteria, fingi, protozoa, helminths
|
|
|
Major chemical mediators of inflammation
|
Eicosanoids, histamine, platelet activating factor/cytokines/neuropeptides
|
|
|
Chemotaxis
|
The attraction of whote blood cells to the area of infection
|
|
|
COX 1
|
Normally present in the body, creates eicosanoids for normal homeostasis
|
|
|
COX 2
|
Present in the body during inflammatory circumstances, makes eicosanoids for inflammatory responses
|
|
|
LTB 4
|
Chemoattractant of neutrophils nd macrophages
|
|
|
LTC4/LTD4/LTE4
|
Contracts and vasoconstricts
|
|
|
Virus effects
|
invades cells and attaches to dna where it replicates and causes havoc
|
|
|
Cellular effects of inflammation - phagocytosis"
|
"-emigration of white blood cells (diapedesis)
|
|
|
What are the eicosanoids formed from cyclo-oxygenase?
|
Prostaglandins, thromboxane and prostacyclins
|
|
|
What are the eicosanoids formed from lipoxygenase?
|
Leukotrienes
|
|
|
Reactivity/Antigenicity
|
An antigen ability to be recognised
|
|
|
Immunogenicity
|
An antigen's ability to cause an immune response
|
|
|
Hapten
|
An antigen without immunogenicity
|
|
|
Epitopes/Antigenic determinants
|
Small sections of an antigen
|
|
|
Exogenous
|
Originating outside of the body
|
|
|
Endogenous
|
Originating inside the body
|
|
|
Allergen
|
An antigen that stimulates and allergic response
|
|
|
Pathogen
|
Causes disease by disturbing cellular function and homeostasis
|
|
|
Virus
|
Non living structures that must enter another cell to replicate and cause disease
|
|
|
Capsid
|
A protein shell that surrounds a virus's DNA/RNA
|
|
|
Virion
|
A phospholipid enevlope from a previous host cell that surrounds the capsid and gentic code of a virus
|
|
|
Surface antigens
|
On the envelope - Antigenic portion of a virus - which are proteins
|
|
|
Core antigens
|
Capsid and genetic material of a virus
|
|
|
Receptor mediated endocytosis
|
Attaching to proteins on outside of cells and entering a cell together
|
|
|
Pinocytosis
|
Small sections of an antigen
|
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
Ingestion of particles by a cell
|
|
|
Envelope
|
The covering of a virus
|
|
|
Reverse transcriptase
|
An enzyme which allows a virus to insert it's RNA into a cell's DNA
|
|
|
Interferons
|
Cytokines released from cells infected by a virus
|
|
|
Type I (alpha) interferons
|
Interferons produced by WBC - alpha WBC
|
|
|
Type I (beta) interferons
|
Interferons produced by infected fibroblasts/epithelial cells - Beta fibroblasts
|
|
|
Type II (gamma) interferons
|
Interferons produced by T cells and Natural killer cells - Gamma destruction T & killer cells
|
|
|
IFN receptor I
|
Interferon receptor that binds to alpha and beta inferons
|
|
|
IFN receptor II
|
Interferon receptor that binds to gamma interferons
|
|
|
Bacteria
|
Unicellular structures with an inner cell membrane surroundinga cytoplasm ribosome and exposed DNA
|
|
|
Cilia/fimbriae
|
Hairlike structure attached to cell wall which allows substances to move around it
|
|
|
Flagellum
|
Tail of cell which propels entire bacterium
|
|
|
Gel capsule
|
Surrounding entire bacterium is a gelatinous substance
|
|
|
Binary fission
|
The way that a bacteria multiplies - involving expansion of bacterium and then splitting
|
|
|
Aerobic
|
requiring air for energy
|
|
|
Anaerobes
|
Cells that do not require air for metabolism
|
|
|
Non-specific infection mechanism
|
Provide resistance to a wide range of bacteria
|
|
|
Specific infection mechanism
|
Include reactions with T & B cells
|
|
|
Vascular effects
|
Vasodilation and ↑ permeability of capillaries, movement in and out of blood in interstital spaces
|
|
|
Cellular effects
|
emigration of white blood cells and phagocytosis
|
|
|
Leukotrienes
|
Mediators of inflammation and allergic responses (A/B/C/D types)
|
|
|
Chemotaxis
|
Attraction of white blood cells to an area of infection
|
|
|
Neutrophils - first type of white blood cells to arrive at the injury or infection"
|
"Type of WBC that highly destructive of microorganisms
|
|
|
Macrophages- arrive at the infection site hours later"
|
"Type of WBC that breaks down infective/foreign substances that recognisable by antigens
|
|
|
Diapedesis/Emigration
|
The process where the WBC moves in and out of capillary wall
|
|
|
Phospholipase A1
|
Enzyme that breaks FA 1 from phospholipids
|
|
|
Phospholipase A2
|
Enzyme that breaks FA 2 from phospholipids and forms arachidonic acid
|
|
|
Phospholipase C
|
Enzyme that breaks Phosphate from phospholipids
|
|
|
Phospholipase D
|
Enzyme that breaks Choline from phospholipids
|
|
|
Interleukin 1
|
Activation of Lymphocytes/mobilises neutrophils/fever
|
|
|
Interleukin 2
|
Proliferation of Lymphocytes/stimulates B cells
|
|
|
Interleukin 3
|
Stimulates mast cell development
|
|
|
Interleukin 4
|
T cell growth/ activation of B cells and IgE responses
|
|
|
Interleukin 5
|
stimulates eosinophils/increases IgA production
|
|
|
Interleukin 6
|
reaises temperature (pyrogen)/ stimulates immunoglobulin production
|
|
|
Interleukin 7
|
Stimulates bone marrow cells
|
|
|
Interleukin 8
|
Chemotaxis of neutrophils/T cell activation
|
|
|
Interleukin 10
|
activation of B cells and suppression of macrophages
|
|
|
Interleukin 12
|
Stimulates Th1 Production and suppresses Th 2 production
|
|
|
Kininogen
|
Bradykini is derived from this protein udner the influence of kallikrein
|
|
|
Prekallikrein
|
Is an enzyme that is converted to Kallikrein under the influence of hageman factor
|
|
|
Kallikrein
|
pre-cursor of bradykinin
|
|
|
Hageman factor
|
Clotting factor XII in the blood clotting cascade
|
|
|
Kininase II
|
Enzyme that vasoconstricts as a nett effect
|
|
|
Thromboxane
|
Vasoconstrict, platelet aggregation, bronchoconstrict
|
|
|
Prion
|
A very small pathogen
|
|
|
Bacteria
|
Enclosed organism that divides and can cause disease
|
|
|
Inflammation response
|
Theprocess where the body responds to an invader
|
|
|
Prostacyclin
|
Vasodilates, limits platelet aggregation, releases renin
|
|
|
PAF
|
Platelet activating factor from cell membrane of neutrohils, macrophages that has pro-inflammatory response
|
|
|
Bradykinin
|
stimulate nociceptors - pain, capillary permeability, ↑prostacylcin and nitric oxide, contracts smooth muscle
|
|
|
Pathogen types
|
Prion, Virus, rickettsiae, chlyamydiae, bacteria, fingi, protozoa, helminths
|
|
|
Major chemical mediators of inflammation
|
Eicosanoids, histamine, platelet activating factor/cytokines/neuropeptides
|
|
|
Chemotaxis
|
The attraction of whote blood cells to the area of infection
|
|
|
COX 1
|
Normally present in the body, creates eicosanoids for normal homeostasis
|
|
|
COX 2
|
Present in the body during inflammatory circumstances, makes eicosanoids for inflammatory responses
|
|
|
LTB 4
|
Chemoattractant of neutrophils nd macrophages
|
|
|
LTC4/LTD4/LTE4
|
Contracts and vasoconstricts
|
|
|
Virus effects
|
invades cells and attaches to dna where it replicates and causes havoc
|
|
|
Vascular effects of inflammation -movement of substances from theblood to the interstitial spaces"
|
"-Vasodilataion and increased permeability of capillaries
|
|
|
What are the eicosanoids formed from cyclo-oxygenase?
|
Prostaglandins, thromboxane and prostacyclins
|
|
|
What are the eicosanoids formed from lipoxygenase?
|
Leukotrienes
|
