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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The lymphatic system consists of two semi-________ parts: a __________ and ____________ scattered throughout the body. |
independent lymphatic vessels lymphoid tissues and organs |
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What are some of the lymphatic tissues and organs scattered throughout the body? |
lymphatic nodules lymph nodes tonsils spleen thymus |
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The function of the lymphatic system is to return ___________ and leaked ________ back to the blood. It maintains _______ in tissues (returns about ___ liters of fluid a day back to circulation), absorbs ______ from the small intestine, and defends against ______ and ________. |
interstitial fluid plasma proteins fluid balance 3 fats microorganisms foreign substances |
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Definition: interstitial fluid once it has entered the lymphatic vessels |
lymph |
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Definition: specialized lymph capillaries present in the intestinal mucosa; absorb digested fat and deliver chyle into the blood |
lacteals |
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Definition: fatty lymph |
chyle |
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The lymphatic vessels are a ___-way system that flows ______ the heart. Lymph vessels include ______, ______, and _____. Lymphatic _____ are the largest and lymphatic _____ are the smallest vessels. |
one toward microscopic, permeable, blind-ended capillaries lymphatic vessels ducts ducts capillaries |
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How are lymphatic capillaries different from blood capillaries? |
-very permeable -loosely joined endothelial mini-valves -withstand interstitial pressure |
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Lymphatic vessels have _____ that ensure the one-way flow of lymph. Lymph is moved by ________, ________ and ________. |
valves contraction of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle skeletal muscle action thoracic pressure changes |
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Lymph is delivered into one of which two large trunks? |
right lymphatic duct thoracic duct |
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Definition: drains the lymph from the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax |
right lymphatic duct |
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Definition: arises from the cistern chyli and drains the rest of the body |
thoracic duct |
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Lymphatic tissue is _______ connective tissue that contains ______ and other cells. It can be surrounded by a ______, such as in the spleen or thymus. It can also be non-_______ such as the tonsils, diffuse lymphatic tissue, and lymphatic nodules. |
reticular lymphocytes capsule capsulated |
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Diffuse lymphatic tissue consists of dispersed _________ and has no clear _______. Lymphatic nodules are small aggregates of ________ (Ex. ________ in the small intestines) |
lymphocytes boundaries lymphatic tissue Peyer's patches |
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Peyer's patches are isolated clusters of ______ that are found in the wall of the _____ portion of the _________. Similar structures are found in the ______. These tissues destroy _____, preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall. They generate ________ lymphocytes for long-term ______. |
lymphoid tissue distal small intestine appendix bacteria "memory" immunity |
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Tonsils are the _____ lymphoid organs. They form a ring of lymphoid tissue around the ______. The ________ tonsils are located on either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity. The ________ tonsils lie at the base of the tongue. The __________ tonsils are on the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. |
simplest pharynx palatine lingual pharyngeal |
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__________ tissue overlying the tonsil masses _______, forming blind-ended ______. These trap and destroy _______ and _________. |
epithelial invaginates crypts bacteria particulate matter |
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Lymph nodes are the ______ lymphoid organs of the body. They are embedded in _________ and clustered along _______. Aggregations of these nodes occur near the body surface in the ______, ______, and ______ regions of the body. They have two basic functions: _____ and _______. |
primary connective tissue lymphatic vessels inguinal axillary cervical filtration immune system activation |
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Through filtration, ______ in the lymph nodes destroy microorganisms and _____. The lymph nodes also monitor for _______ and mount an ______ against them. |
macrophages debris antigens attack |
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Lymph nodes are ____ shaped and surrounded by a ________. _______ extend inward from the capsule and divide the node into compartments. Nodes have two histologically distinct regions: ______ and _______. |
bean fibrous capsule trabeculae cortex medulla |
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The cortex of lymph nodes contains ______ with germinal centers, heavy with dividing ________. _________ nearly encapsulate the follicles. _______ circulate continuously among the blood, lymph nodes, and lymphatic system. The ________ houses T cells in transit. |
follicles B cells dendritic cells T cells deep cortex |
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The spleen is in the _____ superior side of the _______. It has two distinct areas. The _____ contains mostly lymphocytes suspended on ________ which are involved in_______. The _______ contains the remaining _____ tissue concerned with disposing of worn-out _____ and ________. The spleen is a limited reservoir for ______. |
left abdomen white pulp reticular fibers immune functions red pulp splenic RBCs bloodborne pathogens blood |
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The thymus is a ______ organ that secretes hormones (_______ and _______) that cause T lymphocytes to become ________. |
bi-lobed thymosin thymopoietin immunocompetent |
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In infants, the thymus is found in the _______ neck and extends into the _______ where it partially overlies the heart. It increases in size and is most active during ________. It stops growing during ______ and then gradually _______. |
inferior mediastinum childhood adolescence atrophies |
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In what two main ways does the thymus differ from other lymphoid organs? |
-it functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation -it does not directly fight antigens |
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The ____ of the thymus consists of star-shaped _______ cells. These thymocytes secrete the hormones that stimulates ________ to become _________. |
stroma epithelial lymphocytes immunocompetent |
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Definition: the ability to resist harmful effects of microorganisms and other foreign substances |
immunity |
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Definition: immunity that exhibits specificity and memory |
adaptive immunity |
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Definition: immunity that does not show specificity or memory |
innate immunity |
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Innate immunity responds _____ and consists of ______ mechanisms, _______ mediators, _____, and _________ response. The mechanical mechanisms include: ______, saliva, and ______ to remove microorganisms; _____ and ______ to prevent entry in the first place. |
quickly mechanical chemical cells inflammatory tears mucus skin mucosae |
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Chemical mediators promote ______ and ________. |
phagocytosis inflammation |
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Each complement pathway of the innate immunity involves a cascade in which _____ are activated in an orderly sequence. The end result is _____, ______, and ____. This pathway refers to a group of __ or so proteins that circulate in the blood in an _____ form. |
compliment proteins cell lysis phagocytosis inflammation 20 inactive |
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The complement pathway provides a major mechanism for ______ in the body. It amplifies all aspects of the ______. It kills ____ and certain other cells types (our cells are _____ to complement). |
destroying foreign substances inflammatory response bacteria immune |
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Compliment can be activated by which two pathways? |
classical pathway alternative pathway |
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The ________ of complement is part of the adaptive immunity. It depends on the _______ to invade organisms and subsequent binding of ___ to the ______ complexes (complement ______). |
classical pathway binding of antibodies C1 antigen-antibody fixation |
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The _______ is part of the innate immunity. It is triggered by interaction among factors __, ___ and ___, and _________ present on microorganisms. It begins spontaneously with ___. |
alternative pathway B D P polysaccharide molecules C3 |
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Interferons leave the _____ and enter neighboring cells. It stimulates the neighboring cells to produce _____ to prevent the ______. It also activates ______ and ________. |
infected cell proteins replication of viruses macrophages natural killer cells |
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Definition: the ability of WBC to move to tissues that release certain chemicals |
chemotaxis |
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Definition: the ingestion and destruction of materials |
phagocytosis |
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Defintion: small phagocytic cells |
neutrophils |
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_____ and _____ release chemicals that promote inflammation. |
basophils mast cells |
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______ release enzymes that reduce inflammation. |
eosinophils |
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_______ lyse tumor cells and virus-infected cells. |
natural killer cells |
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Definition: large phagocytic cells |
macrophages |
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Macrophages can engulf more than _____ can. In ____ tissue, they protect the body at locations where ______ are likely to enter. They clean ____ and _____. Macrophages in the lungs, liver, and CNS are called _____, _____ and ______ respectively. |
neutrophils connective microbes blood lymph dust cells Kupffer cells microglia |
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The inflammatory response can be initiated in many ways. ______ cause vasodilation and increase vascular ______, which allows the entry of other chemical mediators. These mediators attract ______. The amount of mediators and phagocytes increases until the cause of the ______ is destroyed. Then the tissue undergoes _____. |
chemical mediators permeability phagocytes inflammation repair |
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What are some symptoms of local inflammation? (5) |
redness heat swelling pain loss of function |
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What are the symptoms of systemic inflammation? (3) |
increase in neutrophil numbers fever shock |
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The adaptive immune system is a functional system that recognizes _________, acts to immobilize, ______ or _____ foreign substances, and amplifies _______ and activates ______. |
specific foreign substances neutralize destroy inflammatory response complement |
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The adaptive immune system is _______, ______, and has _____. It has two separate but over-lapping arms. The __________ is provided by antibodies in the blood and lymph. The _________ involves lymphocytes. |
antigen-specific systemic memory antibody-mediated immunity cell-mediated immunity |
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Definition: large molecules that stimulate adaptive immune system response |
antigens |
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Definition: responsible for antibody-mediated immunity |
B cells |
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Definition: involved with cell-mediated immunity |
T cells |
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B cell and T cells both originate in _________. B cells are processed in ______ and T cells are processed in the ______. ________ ensures the survival of lymphocytes that can read against antigens. _________ eliminates lymphocytes that react against self-antigens. |
red bone marrow bone marrow thymus positive selection negative selection |
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Definition: a group of identical lymphocytes that can respond to a specific antigen |
clone |
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B cells and T cells move to ______ from their processing sites. The continually circulate from one ________ to another. |
lymphatic tissue lymphatic tissue |
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Definition: the specific part of the antigen to which the lymphocyte responds |
antigenic determinant (epitope) |
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What combines with the antigenic determinant? |
antigen receptor (T-cell or B-cell receptor) on the surface of lymphocytes |
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Definition: display antigens on the surface of nucleated cells, resulting in the destruction of cells |
MHC class I molecules |
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Definition: display antigens on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, resulting in the activation of immune cells |
MHC class II molecules |
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________ and ______ are usually necessary to activate lymphocytes. |
MHC antigen complex costimulation |
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Definition: involves cytokines and certain surface molecules |
costimulation |
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Antigen-presenting cells stimulate the proliferation of _______ which stimulate the proliferation of ___ or ____. |
helper T cells B or T effector cells |
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Definition: suppression of the immune system's response to an antigen |
tolerance |
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Tolerance is produced by what three things? |
-deletion of self-reactive cells -prevention of lymphocyte activation -suppressor T cells |
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Antibodies are _____. The ______ region of the antibody combines with the antigen. The ____ region of the antibody activates complement or binds to cells. The five classes of antibodies are ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___. |
proteins variable constant IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD |
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Which antibody is this: "activates complement and promotes phagocytosis; can cross placenta and provide immune protection to the fetus and newborn; responsible for Rh reactions"? |
IgG |
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Which antibody is this: "activates complement and acts as an antigen-binding receptor on the surface of B cells; responsible for blood transfusion reaction; often first antibody produced in response to an antigen"? |
IgM |
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Which antibody is this: "binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response"? |
IgE |
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Which antibody is this: "functions as antigen-binding receptors on B cells"? |
IgD |
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What is the most common antibody? Least common? |
Most: IgG Least: IgD |
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Antibodies affect antigens in many ways. They can bind to the antigen and interfere with _______ or bind the antigens _____. They can increase _____ by binding to the antigen and _____. They can activate ______ through the classical pathway. They can attach to _____ or ____ and cause the release of ______ when the antibody combines with the antigen. |
antigen activity together phagocytosis macrophages complement mast cells basophils inflammatory chemicals |
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The _______ results from the first exposure to the antigen. B cells form ______, which produce antibodies and _______. |
primary response plasma cells memory B cells |
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The _______ results from exposure to an antigen after primary response. Memory B cells quickly form ______ and additional _____. |
secondary response plasma cells memory B cells |
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The secondary response is _____ than the primary response and produces more ____. |
faster antibodies |
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Cells infected with intracellular microorganisms process antigens that combine with ______. ____ are stimulated to divide, producing more of themselves and ______ when MHC class 1/antigen complexes are presented to _____. _____ released from helper T cells also stimulate cytotoxic T cells. |
MHC class I molecules cytotoxic T cells memory T cells T-cell receptors cytokines |
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Cytotoxic T cells lyse ______, ____, and _____. They also produce _____, which promotes _____ and _____. |
virus-infected cells tumor cells tissue transplants cytokines phagocytosis inflammation |
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Which antibody is this: "secreted into saliva, tears, and mucous membranes to provide protection on body surfaces; found in colostrum and milk to provide immune protection to newborns"? |
IgA |
