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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the basic functions of the lymphatic system? |
*drain excess interstitial fluid from tissue space *drain plasma proteins from tissue space *transport nutrients and hormones *immunity--specific defense against antigens by lymphocytes |
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What is the lymphatic system consisted of? |
*lymphatic fluid *lymphatic vessles *lymphatic tissues *lymphatic organs |
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What is lymphatic fluid? |
It is similar to plasma with less proteins |
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What are lymphatic vessels? |
They are similar to veins (thin walls and one way valves). They pass from capillaries into lymphatic vessels. |
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What are lymphatic tissues? |
They are (MALT) mucosa associated lymph tissues--they aggregate with the mucosa |
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Give examples of lymphatic organs. |
*red bone marrow *tonsils *lymph nodes *thymus *spleen |
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What are the structural characteristics of the lymphatic capillaries? |
*start as pockets with a large diameter and thin walls *endothelial cells overlap to form many one way valves *pickup fluid (lymph) form interstitial space between the tissues *lacteals are special lymph capillaries in the small intestine that transport proteins |
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What is the route of lymph flow? |
Interstitialfluid --> Lymph Capillaries --> AfferentLymphatic vessels--> Lymph Nodes --> EfferentLymphatic vessels--> Lymphatic Trunks -->LymphaticDucts--> SubclavianVeins |
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What structures absorb dietary lipids? |
Lacteals--these are special lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine that transport lipids. |
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What are Peyer’spatches? |
They are in the small intestine. They are MALT (mucosa associated lymph tissues). |
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Where is MALT located in the body? |
They are located in the digestive, urinary, reproductive, and respiratory systems. (large intestine, small intestine, bronchi, etc.) |
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What organs filter the lymph? |
Lymph nodes |
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What cell types inhabit lymph nodes? |
B-cells (outer cortex and medulla) T-cells (deep cortex) |
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How are the pockets of lymphatic capillaries made? |
The pockets are made of a single layer of endothelial cells. They don't fuse together, they just overlap to make a pocket. A whole bunch overlap to make the pocket--which makes a one way valve. |
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Muscle contraction and breathing promote... |
flow of lymphatic fluid |
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Where do lymphatic trunks empty? |
into subclavian veins in the shoulders |
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Where are fluid and proteins filtered from? Where are they collected? Where do they go? |
Filtered from blood capillaries Collected by lymphatic capillaries Returned to the blood |
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What are the two types of lymphatic vessels? |
Afferent: carry lymph into lymph nodes Efferent: carry lymph out of lymph nodes |
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What are lymphatic trunks |
Lymph passes from lymphatic vessels into trunks. There are 5 trunks in the body. |
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What are the 5 different lymphatic trunks? |
1. Bronchomediastinal—bronchialsmid area (upper chest/thoracic/lungs) 2. Jugular—collects lymph from headand neck region 3. Subclavian—collects from armsand shoulders4. Intestinal—collects fromintestinal and abdominal area 5. Lumbar—collects from truck,back, butt, legs |
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What are lymphatic ducts? |
They are two ducts that drain lymph from the lymphatic trunks into the subclavian veins. There are two types. |
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What are the two types of lymphatic ducts? |
*Right lymphatic duct: smaller, drains right side of head, right shoulder, and right arm into the right subclavian vein *Thoracic duct: larger, drains rest of the body's lymph into the left subclavian vein |
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What are the six types of lymphatic cells? |
*macrophages *dendritic cells *reticular cells *T-lymphocytes *B-lymphocytes *natural killer lymphocytes (NK) |
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What are macrophages? |
They are antigen presenting cells (APCs) that develop from monocytes as phagocytic cells in connective tissues. They are capable of binding to an antigen and flagging it as an antigen. They are stationary in connective tissues. |
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What is an antigen? |
It is anything foreign to your body and can trigger an immune response. |
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What are dendritic cells? |
They are MOBILE antigen presenting cells (APCs) that are found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs |
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What are reticular cells? |
They are STATIONARY antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the storm of lymphatic organs |
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What are T-lymphocytes? |
They respond to intracellular antigens by dividing to produce: *cytotoxic T-cells (kill antigen bearing cells) *helper T-cells (help activate T-cells & B-cells) *memory T-cells Made in the thymus |
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What are B-lymphocytes? |
They respond to extracellular antigens by dividing to produce: *plasma cells: antibody secreting cells *memory B-cells Made in bone marrow |
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What are natural killer lymphocytes (NK)? |
*psychopaths *can kill invading cells and tumor cells without the need to respond to antigens *non-specific defense that kills anything foreign |
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What are MALT? |
Mucosa associated lymph tissues--they are aggregations of lymphocytes in mucous membranes |
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Where is the appendix? |
Large intestine |
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Where are lymphatic nodules? |
In bronchi of respiratory tract |
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What is bone marrow? |
A primary lymphatic organ. It produces B-lymphocytes and natural killer lymphocytes. |
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What are tonsils? |
They are located in and around the throat for defense against inhaled or ingested microbes. They contain tonsillar crypts that trap microbes. |
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What are lymph nodes? |
They are capsule shaped structures--that contain B and T cells. Their function is to filter lymph and trigger an immune response. |
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Where is the thymus located? |
Between the sternum and the aortic arch in the mediastinum, right and left lobes with lobules, lobule cortex, lobule medulla |
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In the thymus, what type of cells are found? |
*Growing T cells: lobule cortex *Mature T cells: lobule medulla |
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What does the thymus secrete? |
*Thymopoietin *Thymulin *Thymosin *Interleukin *Interferon hormones |
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Where is the spleen located? |
In the upper left quadrant |
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In the spleen, what is red pulp? |
red blood cells plus macrophages |
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In the spleen, what is white pulp? |
packed with lymphocytes |
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What is the function of the spleen? |
To filter old blood cells and bacteria, and to store platelets and iron |
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What cell types inhabit lymph nodes? |
B cells and T cells |
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What is the significance of tonsillar crypts? |
they trap microbes |
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What changes occur to the thymus from youth to old age? |
It is largest when you are a baby, and it shrinks in size as you get older. |
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What are the various barriers of the innate immune system? (first line of defense) |
*skin *mucous membranes *saliva *tears *stomach acid |
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In the innate immune system, how does the skin provide a first line defense? |
it is dry and poor in nutrients--a bad place for bacteria to grow *keratin: tough surface protein *lactic acid mantle and dermicidine in sweat *hyaluronic acid layer of areolar tissue *defensins and cathelicidins by keratinocytes |
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In the innate immune system, how do mucous membranes provide a first line defense? |
the stickiness traps the microbes and the lysozyme and dissolves them |
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In the innate immune system, how does saliva provide a first line defense? |
lysozyme and antimicrobial proteins are in saliva |
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In the innate immune system, how do tears provide a first line defense? |
lysozymes dissolve bacteria cell walls |
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In the innate immune system, how does the stomach acid provide a first line defense? |
it dissolves bacteria cell walls |
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Name the second line defenses of the innate immune system. |
*immune surveillance *anti-microbial proteins *leukocytes and macrophages *inflammation and fever |
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In the innate immune system, how does immune surveillance provide a second line of defense? |
natural killer cells patrol and kill bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells with performs and granzymes |
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In the innate immune system, how do anti-microbial proteins provide a second line of defense? |
interferons and complement system proteins |
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In the innate immune system, how do leukocytes and macrophages provide a second line of defense? |
*neutrophils *eosinophils *basophils *monocytes *natural killer lymphocytes |
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In the innate immune system, how does inflammation and fever provide a second line of defense? |
*inflammation is a local defensive response to tissue injury that limits pathogen spread, removes damaged tissues, initiates tissue repair *fever is an abnormal elevation of body temp that promotes interferon activity, accelerates tissue repair by elevating metabolic rate, and inhibits reproduction of pathogens |
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What are the three steps of inflammation? |
*mobilization of defenses *containment and destruction of pathogens *tissue clean up and repair |
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What happens during mobilization of defenses? |
hyperemia by leukotrienesand histamine vasodilation, recruitment of leukocytes by endothelial cellscalled selectins, and marginal and diapedesis of leukocytes in the tissue fluid |
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What happens during containment and destruction of pathogens? |
chemotaxis ofleukocytes by inflammatory chemicals; margination, diapedesis, and phagocytosisby neutrophils, and activation of macrophages, antibodies, and T lymphocytes |
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What happens during tissue clean up and repair? |
macrophages englufdead bacteria and damaged cells, edema promotes lymphatic drainage of deadbacteria and tissue debris, platelet derived growth factor promotes tissuerepair |
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What is the medical term for a fever? |
pyrexia |
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What are the six stages of a fever? |
*Exogenous pyrogens secreted by pathogens plus the endogenouspyrogens secreted by neutrophils and macrophages *Hypothalamic thermostat is reset to a higher bodytemperature *Onset of fever when the body temperature rises to a new setpoint *Stadium As infection ends, hypothalamic set point returns to normal *Defervescence |
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What is stadium regarding fever? |
body temperature oscillates at the new set point while fever is occuring |
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What is defervescence? |
return of body temperature to normal |
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What types of cells are destroyed by NK cells? By what mechanism? |
They kill bacteria, virus infected cells, and tumor cells--done by direct cell to cell contact |
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What cell types are involved in the adaptive immune system? |
*antigens *epitopes *haptens *T lymphocytes *B lymphocytes |
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When do cells secrete interferon? |
A fever can cause the promotion of interferon activity. Anti-microbial proteins secrete interferon. |
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What are the signs of inflammation? |
redness, swelling, heat, and pain |
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What is diapedesis? |
It is an amoeboid type of motion where the stuck leukocytes in the lining go in between the endothelial cells and enter the injured tissue and the fluid around it during inflammation process of immobilization |
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What is margination? |
When leukocytes leave the bloodstream and get stuck in the endothelial lining of the blood vessel during mobilization of inflammation |
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What is the benefit of fever during an infection? |
*interferon is increased *tissue repair accelerated *inhibited pathogen reproduction |
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Immunity is provided by coordinated activity of... |
T and B lymphocytes in response to the presence of specific antigens |
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What are the two types of immune responses? |
*cellular immunity (cell-mediated) *humoral immunity (antibody-mediated) |
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Describe cellular immunity. |
T lymphocytes respond to intracellular antigens such as virus infected cells and tumor cells |
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Describe humoral immunity. |
B lymphocytes respond to extracellular antigens such as bacteria |
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What are the two types of responses of the immune system? |
*primary response *secondary response |
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Describe a primary response. |
the first time exposure to an antigen causes a slow rise in antibody production, first as the small immunoglobulin M (IgM) then IgG |
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Describe a secondary response. |
subsequent exposure to the same antigen and the presence of memory cells causes faster antibody production and mainly immunoglobulin G (IgG) |
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What cells produce antibodies? |
B cells |
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What is active immunity? |
produced by antibodies that develop in response to antigens (immune response) |
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What is induced active immunity? |
develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease |
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What is naturally acquired active immunity? |
develops after exposure to antigens in the environment |
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What are the methods by which an infant can acquire natural passive immunity? |
*antibodies that cross the placenta *breast milk |
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What is passive immunity? |
produced after transfer of antibodies from another person |
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What is natural acquired passive immunity? |
conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk |
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What is induced passive immunity? |
conferred by administration of antibodies to combat an infection |
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What is an epitope? |
certain regions of an antigen molecule that trigger an immune response |
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What are happens? |
small molecules that need to bind a macromolecule to trigger an immune response |
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Where do T cells arise from? |
they grow in the lobule cortex of the thymus |
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Where do T cells mature? |
In the lobule medulla of the thymus |
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Where do B cells arise from? |
lymph nodes in the outer cortex |
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Where do B cells mature? |
In the medulla of lymph nodes |
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What activates B cells? |
Helper T cells activate B cells differentiation into plasma cells |
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What is the function of memory T cells? |
they provide immune memory to remember previous antigens so they can produce an immune defense more quickly |
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What cells act as antigen presenting cells? |
*macrophages *dendritic cells *reticular cells |
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What are the 4 classes of T cells? |
*cytotoxic T cells (CD8) *helper T cells (CD4) *regulator T cells (Tr) *memory T cells |
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What is the function of cytotoxic T cells? |
attack foreign antigens |
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What is the function of helper T cells? |
activate cytotoxic T cells |
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What is the function of regulator T cells? |
limit the immune response |
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What is the "lethal hit mechanism" of cytotoxic T cells? |
during a reaction, cytotoxic T cells deliver a lethal hit of chemicals that destroy antigens |
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What are the different antibody classes? |
IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM |
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What are the 4 mechanisms of humoral immunity (attack)? |
*neutralization *complement fixation *agglutination *precipitation |
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What antibody is produced in greatest quantity during the secondary response? |
IgG--immunoglobublin G |
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What are the types of hypersensitivity? |
*autoimmunity *alloimmunity *allergies *Type 1--acute *Type 2--antibody dependent cytotoxic *Type 3--immune complex *Type 4--delayed |
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What is autoimmunity? |
reactions to one's own tissues |
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What is alloimmunity? |
reactions to tissues transplanted from another person |
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Define allergies. |
reactions to allergens from environmental antigens |
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Describe type 1 acute hypersensitivity. Give an example. |
*an IgE mediated reaction that begins in seconds and subsides in 30 minutes *asthma, food and drug allergies *basophils and mast cells secrete histamine to cause hives, runny nose, watery eyes, cramps *anaphylactic shock is possible |
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Describe type 2 antibody dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity. Give an example. |
*occurs when IgG or IgM attacks antigens or cell surfaces causing cell destruction, interferes with cell functions, or overstimulates cell functions *myasthenia gravis, toxic goiter |
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Describe type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity. Give an example. |
*occurs when IgG or IgM forms antigen antibody complexes that precipitate in tissues or beneath the blood vessels endothelium *triggers severe inflammation and tissue destruction *systemic lupus erythematosus, acute glomerulonephritis |
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Describe type 4 delayed hypersensitivity. Give an example. |
*a mixture of specific and non-specific immune responses to antigens by helper and cytotoxic T cells *signs appear 12 to 72 hours after exposure to antigens *allergies to cosmetics, poison ivy, TB test, and type 1 diabetes mellitus |
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What is anaphylactic shock? |
it is a severe type 1 hypersensitive reaction |
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What is an autoimmune disease? |
a failure of the immune system to distinguish self antigens from foreign antigens--auto antibodies attack the body's own tissues |
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What are the three categories of autoimmune diseases? |
*cross reactivity *abnormal exposure *structural changes |
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What is the cross reactivity autoimmune disease category? |
antibodies against foreign antigens react against similar self antigens |
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What is the abnormal exposure autoimmune disease category? |
abnormal exposure of some self antigens to the blood due to a break in a blood barrier |
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What is the structural changes autoimmune disease category? |
structural changes in some of the self antigens structure |
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What is severe combined immunodeficiency disease? |
It is called SCID. It is caused by recessive alleles that result in a scarcity or absence of both T and B lymphocytes |
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What is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome? |
*AIDS *human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection severely depresses the immune system responses |
