Lymphatic System

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Lymphatic system consists of three parts.

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1) A network of three parts
2) Lymph
3) Lymph nodes

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Functions of the Lymphatic system.

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Returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood.

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immune system.

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Together with lymphoid organs and tissues, provide the structural basis

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Lymphatic vessels.

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One way system,lymph flows toward the heart.

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what are the types of lymphatic vessels.

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Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic collecting vessels
Lymphatic trunks and ducts.

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Lymphatic capillaries.

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Similar to blood capillaries, except
Very permeable
Endothelial cells overlap to form one-way minivalves.

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lymphatic capillaries

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Absent from bones, teeth bone marrow and the CNS

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Lacteals

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Specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa.

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Lymphatic collecting vessels

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Similar to veins, except Have thinner walls, with more internal valves.

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Lymphatic trunks

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Formed by the union of the largest collection ducts.

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Lymph

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is delivered into one of two large ducts

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Right Lymphatic duct

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Drains the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax.

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Thoracic duct

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arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body.

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Right Lymphatic and Thoracic duct

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each empties lymph into venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins on its own side of the body

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What is lymph propelled by

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Pulsations of nearby arteries and Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics.

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Lymphocytes

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The main warriors of the immune system

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T Cells And B Cells

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Two main types of Lymphocytes

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What protects against antigens?

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T cells and b cells protect against antigens.

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Macrophages

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Phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T-cells

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Dendritic cells

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Cells that capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes.

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Reticular cells

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produce stroma that supports other cells in lymphoid organs.

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Lymphoid tissue

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Houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes.

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Two main types of Lymphatic tissue.

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Diffuse Lymphatic tissue and Lymphatic follicles

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Diffuse lymphatic tissue

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comprises scattered reticular tissue.

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Lymphatic follicles

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nodules are solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed reticular elements and cells.

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Germinal center

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composed of dendritic and B cells

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Lymph nodes

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Principal lymphoid organs of the body

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Functions of lymph nodes

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Filter lymph and Immune system

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Immune system

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Lymphocytes are activated and mount an attack against antigens.

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Cortex and medulla

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What are the two Histologically distinct regions

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Structure of a lymph node

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Cortex contains follicles with germinal centers, heavy with dividing B cells
Deep cortex houses T cells in transit
T cells circulate continuously among the blood,lymph nodes, and lymphatic stream.

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Spleen

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Largest lymphoid organs

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functions of the spleen

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Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.
Cleanses the blood of aged cells and platelets and debris.

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white and red pulp

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Structure of the spleen two distinct areas

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White pulp

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around central arteries Mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers and involved in immune functions

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Red Pulp

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in venous sinuses and splenic cords Rich in macrophages for disposal of worn-out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens

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Thymus

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Increases in size and is most active during childhood. Stops growing durning adolescence and then gradually atrophies.

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Differs from other lymphoid organs in important ways.

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Thymus

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Functions of the Thymus

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It functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation.
It does not directly fight antigens.

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Thymocytes

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Provide the environment in which T lymphocytes become immunocompetent

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Tonsils

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Simplest lymphoid organs

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Crypts trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter

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Tonsils

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Aggregates of lymphoid follicles

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Peyer's patches and Peyer's patches and the appendix

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Clusters of lymphoid follicles

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clusters of lymphoid follicles
In the wall of the distal portion of teh small intestine.

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Peyers patches and the appendix

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Destroys bacteria preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall
Generate "memory" lymphocytes

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Except for the spleen and tonsils ____________ _________ are poorly developed at birth

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Lymphoid organs

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edema

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body fluids may leave the capilaries

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lymph prefix

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clear water

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Body's First Stage of defense

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skin

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second line of defense

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cells and chemicals