Lymphatic & Immune Systems

Front 1

what is Lymphatic system?

Back 1

system of vessels, cells, and organs that carry excess fluids to bloodstream & filter pathogens

Front 2

Describe Immune system?

Back 2

complex collection of cells & organs that destroy or neutralizes pathogens

Front 3

what is the main function of Lymphatic system?

Back 3

drains body fluids & returns them to bloodstream

Front 4

If lymphatic system doesnt reurn fluid leaked from blood capillaries into subclavian veins what will happen?

Back 4

blood volume and pressure will be very low

Front 5

what moves fluid?

Back 5

Lymphatic capillaries

Front 6

what does Lymph mean?

Back 6

term used to describe intersttual fluid once its entered lympatic system

Front 7

How does lymphatic system attack and eliminate pathogens?

Back 7

done by different leukocytes(mainly live in lymphatic system, but can move throughout blood/tissues during infection, but most cant enter brain)

Front 8

what are pathogens?

Back 8

something that causes disease

Front 9

what are the different types of pathogens?

Back 9

1-Bacteria=major extracellular pathogen

2-Viruse=main intracellular pathogen

3-some protits, fungi, parasites= also can be pathogens

Front 10

what is the Lymphatic structure?

Back 10

Begin as open capillaries, which feed into larger and larger lymphatic vessels & eventually empty into bloodstream

Front 11

Describe lymph flow?

Back 11

lymphatic capillaries, through lymphatic vessels & then dumped into circulatory system via lymphatic ducts

Front 12

what type of fluid is inside lymphatic capillaries and duts?

Back 12

Lymph (similar to blood plasma)

-contains H2O, ions & leukocytes

-lacteals= specialized lymph vessel near intestine that carries fat "lact"

Front 13

lable #1

Back 13

right lymphatic duct

Front 14

lable #2

Back 14

Thoracic duct

Front 15

lable #4

Back 15

Thoracic duct

Front 16

Lable #5

Back 16

Cisterna chyli

Front 17

lable #5

Back 17

Inguinal lymph nodes

Front 18

lable #3

Back 18

Thoracic duct

Front 19

lable #2

Back 19

Axillary lymph nodes

Front 20

lable #4

Back 20

Cisterna chyli

Front 21

lable #1

Back 21

Cervical lymph nodes

Front 22

lable #1

Back 22

pharyngeal tonsil

Front 23

lable #3

Back 23

Lingual tonsil

Front 24

lable #2

Back 24

Palatine tonsil

Front 25

lable #5

Back 25

Spleen

Front 26

lable #4

Back 26

Thymus

Front 27

lable #6

Back 27

Peyer's patches

Front 28

lable #7

Back 28

Appendix

Front 29

lable #3

Back 29

Efferent vessel

Front 30

lable #8

Back 30

Afferent vessel

Front 31

lalbe #1

Back 31

Trabeculae

Front 32

lable #2

Back 32

Germinal center

Front 33

lalbe #6

Back 33

Medulla

Front 34

Lalbe #7

Back 34

Follicle

Front 35

lable #5

Back 35

cortex

Front 36

lable #4

Back 36

Capsule

Front 37

which of these is part of second line of defense?

-stomach acid

-normal microbiota

-phagocytosis

-antibodies

Back 37

Phagocytosis

Front 38

What things are lymphatic nodules

Back 38

-appendix

-peyer's patches

-tonsils

Front 39

what causes heat during inflammatory process?

Back 39

increased premeability of blood vessels in affected area

Front 40

which defenses would be most effective against intracellular pathogens such as viruses?

Back 40

-Interferon

-NK cells

Front 41

Primary lymphatic organs are places where?

Back 41

T & B cells receive their receptors

-doesnt actually fight infections(thymus & bone marrow)

Front 42

Describe Dendritic cell

Back 42

Professional antigen presenting cell

Front 43

Decribe Cytotoxic T cell

Back 43

Has a receptor that attaches to MHC class 1

Front 44

what type of cell can be infected by HIV?

Back 44

Helper T cell

Front 45

what cell proliferates in germinal centers?

Back 45

B cell

Front 46

which areas ultimately drain lymph into thoracic duct?

Back 46

-lower right/left body quadrant

-upper left body quadrant

Front 47

which is NOT normally found in lymph?

Back 47

erythrocytes

Front 48

white blood cells that squeeze out of capillary walls is known as?

Back 48

Diapedesis

Front 49

what is an example of Artificially acquired active immunity?

Back 49

child gets a vaccine containing weakned or dead chickenpox antigens

Front 50

what is an example of Artifically acquired passive immunity?

Back 50

child receives injections of antibodies to chicken pox

Front 51

what is an example of Naturally acquired active immunity?

Back 51

child gets chicken pox. Now they are immune from getting it again

Front 52

what is an example of Naturally aquired passive immunity?

Back 52

breastfeeding baby gets antibodies to chicken pox from mothes milk

Front 53

what is not actively pumped by the heart?

Back 53

lymph= forced through vessels by movement of body

Front 54

what called terminal lymphatics

Back 54

lymphatic capillaries

Front 55

what are lymphatic capillaries?

Back 55

vessels where interstitual fluid enters lymphatic system to become lymph fluid

Front 56

what do capillaries have that dont connect to other tubes?

Back 56

blind ends

Front 57

what helps capillries ends connect to nearby cells?

Back 57

flap- like mini valves

- swelling causes cells to spread apart pullig mini-valves open & allowing extra fluid to enter lymphatic capillaries

Front 58

why are there more afferent vessels in lymph nodes then efferent?

Back 58

forces fluid to move slowly, providing time for leukocytes in lymph nodes to detect any pathogens

Front 59

where are large clusters of lymph nodes found?

Back 59

-cervical, axillary & inguinal regions

Front 60

where doe sfluid from upper right side of body go?

Back 60

through right lymphatic duct into right subclavian vein

Front 61

where are B and T cells developed?

Back 61

bone marroe

Front 62

when T cells get to thymus from bone marrow what do they mature into?

Back 62

immunocompletent (active during childhood)

-doesnt secrete antibody performs tests

Front 63

where do B cell become immunocompetent?

Back 63

stay in bone marroe, there immune cells that function primarily by producing anibodies

Front 64

what is plasma cell?t

Back 64

type of lymphocyte; B cell that has differentiated in response to antigen binding & gained ability to secrete soluble antibodies

Front 65

what are secondary lymphoid organs ?

Back 65

-spleen and lymph nodes (have capsules)

Front 66

what does spleen do?

Back 66

helps filter & remove dying RBCs & contains many WBCs to fight infection (especially blood born pathogen)

Front 67

what do lymph nodes do?

Back 67

-contain B & T cells & macrophages to detect/ fight pathogens

-macrophages & dendritic cells internalize & kill many of pathogens that pass through

Front 68

what do lymphoid noduels not have around them?

Back 68

capsule

-mostly reticular connective tissue which is delicate netlike, soft, easly for blood to flow

Front 69

what do leukocytes do in lymphoid nodules ?

Back 69

recognize what is normal vs. what is harmful

Front 70

what is 1st line of defense?

Back 70

surface barriers

-prevent pathogens from entering body (skin & mucous membrane=nasal cavity, intestines)

-Normarl microbiota are major part(leads to secondary infection sometimes)

Front 71

what is second line of defense?

Back 71

Innate defense

-nonspecific, can function against multiple types of pathogens

-quick to activate as soon as pathogens makes it past surface berriers

-does phagocytosis

Front 72

what is Interferon?

Back 72

type of antriviral protein(switches on genes to make interferon proteins when cells infected)

- exocytosed, attaches to receptorson neighboring cells (makes defenses against viruses)

Front 73

what do NK cells look for in Lymphatic system?

Back 73

body cells that have something wrong with them(usually abnormal surface proteins indicating mutations or viral infection)

Front 74

when NK cells find a cell with abnormal surface protein what does it do?

Back 74

use perforin proteins to punch holes in abnormal cell's membrane & shoot Granzymes(digestive enzyme)

-cell begins to digest from inside out; causing to switch on apoptosis gene (cell suicide) and breaks up into tiny vesicles & dies

Front 75

what is lymph nodules important role in?

Back 75

developing immunit in childhood (by the age of 4)

Front 76

Describe cellular eating phagocytosis?

Back 76

-cell folds its membrane around pathogen to trap it in vesicle

-lysosome full of digestive enzyme fases with vesicle to break-up pathogen

-waste products can exocytose to leave cell

Front 77

Describe Neutrophils of phagocytosis?

Back 77

specialize to phagocytose bacteria, but dies quickly

Front 78

Describe Monocytes of phagocytosis?

Back 78

can differentiate into macrophages or dentritic cells after they leave blood vessels

Front 79

what do Macrophages generaly phagocytose?

Back 79

bacteria, viruses that havent entered cells and dead cells

Front 80

what do Dentritic cells phagocytose?

Back 80

pathogens & then display pieces of pathogens of surface; then trvel to lymph nodes to show T & B cells= antigen presenting

Front 81

whats the fist step in Inflammatory response once injured?

Back 81

Injured cells release signaling molecules called= cytokines

- which attract leukocytes & cause nearby blood vessels to dilate & become more leaky

Front 82

what is the 2nd step of the Inflammatory response?

Back 82

Leukocytosis=leukocytes (mainly neutrophils & macrophages) move into bloodstream from bone marrow

Front 83

what is the 3rd step of Inflammatory response?

Back 83

Margination= when they get near injury site, leukocytes stickto walls of blood vessels

Front 84

what is the 4th step of Inflamatory response?

Back 84

Diapedesis=leukocyte squeeze through walls of blood vessels

Front 85

what is the 5th step of Inflammatory response?

Back 85

chemotaxis=leukocytes follow trail of cytokines until they reach site of injury

- there they phagocytose any pathogen entered

-pus forms when to many Neutrophils die (macrophage cleans up)

Front 86

what does redness, heat, swelling and pain mean during Inflammatory response?

Back 86

redness=increased blood flow

heat= blood is warm

swelling=fluid leaking out of dilated blood vessels

pain=leaked fluid increases pressure on nonceptors in area

Front 87

what is the complement system?

Back 87

group of antibacterial proteiens that are normally inactive in blood

Front 88

what are the 2 ways to activate complement system?

Back 88

1-classical pathway=in adaptive immune(antibodies attaches to antigens causes activate)

2-Alternative pathway=in innate immune(presence of some kind of bacterial molecuels causes activation)

Front 89

what happens once complement system is activated?

Back 89

1- Enhances inflammation

2-Opsonization (bacteria is coated causing to stick to receptors on macrophages)

3-Membrane attack complex (MAC) = giant hole in bacteria is made and it bursts

Front 90

what is 3rd line of Defense?

Back 90

Adaptive Immune system

-main players are B cells and T helper (CD4) and cytotoxic T cell (CD8)

-takes over a week to complete (very effective)

-has memmory (by activating B and T cells)

Front 91

what is B cells main role in 3rd line of defense?

Back 91

humoral immunity=makes antibodies that attack extracellular pathogens (bacteria)

Front 92

what is the main role of cytotoxic T cells in 3rd line of defense?

Back 92

cellular immunity= kills body cells that are infected with intracellular pathogens (viruses)

Front 93

what is the main role of Helper T cell (CD4) in 3rd line of defense?

Back 93

release cytokines to activate other cells & parts of immune response

Front 94

what is it called when immune systems first exposed to a pathogen?

Back 94

primary adaptive response

Front 95

Describe primary adaptive response?

Back 95

first infection always severe b.c it takes time for initial adaptive immune response to pathogen become effective

Front 96

what is Secondary adaptive response ?

Back 96

-re-exposure, stronger and faster acting

-eliminates pathogens before it can cause significant tissue damage

Front 97

what does Immunological memory do?

Back 97

protects body from getting diseases reppeateadly from same pathogen

Front 98

what mechanism cleaves antigen into smaller pieces?

Back 98

antigen processing

Front 99

what is MHC

Back 99

molecule on outside of cells that can hold antigens, T cell receptors can only recognize antigens if they're displayed on MHC

-2 types

Front 100

what is MHC class 1

Back 100

-found on all body cells with nuclie

-holds antigens that originated inside cells

-cytotoxic T cells attach to this

Front 101

what is MHCclass 2

Back 101

-only found on antigen presenting cells (APCs)

-holds antigens that originated outside of cells & got phagocytosed

-hepter T cells attach to this

Front 102

what does Negative selection test for?

Back 102

make sure T cells receptor doesnt attach to your self-antigen

Front 103

What does red pulp do?

Back 103

Helps spleen in filtering/getting rid of old and damaged RBCs

Front 104

Is maintainign blood pH a function of lymphatic?

Back 104

no

Front 105

what needs to happen in order to activate cytotoxic T cell(CD8)?

Back 105

-attaches to costimulatory molecules at the same time if finds antigen

-attaches to specific antigen displayed on another cells MHC1

Front 106

what type of pathogen is Complement system?

Back 106

Extracellular pathogen

Front 107

what type of pathogen is Cytotoxic T cells?

Back 107

Intracellular pathogen

Front 108

what type of pathogen is B cells?

Back 108

Extracellular pathogen

Front 109

what type of pathogen is phagocytes?

Back 109

Extracellular pathogen

Front 110

what kind of pathogen is NK cells?

Back 110

Intracellular pathogens

Front 111

what kind of pathogens are Interferons?

Back 111

Intracellular pathogens

Front 112

Adaptive immune system?

Back 112

-is systemic

-includes B & T cells

Front 113

when a patient is unable to opsonizate what is less effective in patients body?

Back 113

Phagocytosis

Front 114

what happens when lymph doesnt return and stays in one area?

Back 114

swelling occurs and BP lowers