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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lymph draining into lymphatic vessels from the right leg to the bloodstream would travel along the following path: |
Right lumbar trunk--cisterna chyli--thoracic duct--left subclavian vein. |
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T or F: the intestinal and lumbar trunks all drain into a large, swollen-looking vessel called the cisterna chyli. |
True |
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T or F: The cisterna chyli and the trunks of the left side of the body drain into the thoracic duct, the largest lymphatic duct, which runs along the anterior vertebral column and drains into the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins. |
True |
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T or F: the thoracic duct drains all of the lower body as well as the left side of the upper body. |
True |
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T or F: the right upper side of the body is drained by the lymphatic duct. |
True |
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How long after initial tissue damage does leukocytosis occur? a. 3-4 days b. 3-4 min c. 3-4 hr d. 3-4 wks |
Leukocytosis occurs 3-4 days after initial tissue damage. The final inflammatory response occurs in the bone marrow, where leukocytes are produced. Cytokines produced by the activated phagocytes act on cells in the bone marrow to increase the production of neutrophils and monocytes over the next 3-4 days. This leads to an elevated number of circulating leukocytes, a condition called leukocytosis, commonly referred to as a "high white cell count." |
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Chemical signals produced by leukocytes that affect other leukocytes are ________. a. interferons b. interleukins c.tumor necrosis factor d. complement |
Interleukins. |
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Interleukins |
means between leukocytes which reflects the fact that they are produced by leukocytes and many of their actions affect other leukocytes. Constitute a class of 29 cytokines. Examples of these effects: -stimulating production of neutrophils by the bone marrow - stimulating NK cells -Triggering the production of certain types of interferons from different leukocytes -activating T cells |
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Interferons (IFN) |
Cytokines that are produced by a variety of cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells and cells of adaptive immunity. Interferons are produced in response to infection with intracellular agents such as viruses or intracellular bacteria and are named for their capacity to "interfere" with the ability of the pathogens to infect other cells. One of their primary actions is to inhibit viral replication inside host cells. They activate various components of both innate and adaptive immunity, such as stimulating nearby cells to produce antimicrobial proteins. |
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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) |
Secreted by activated macrophages in response to certain bacteria and other pathogens. Effects: inducing flu like symptoms, attracting phagocytes to the area of infection, increasing activity of phagocytes and stimulating phagocytes to release additional cytokines. |
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Complement system |
group of proteins collectively known as complement system consists of around 30 plasma proteins that are produced primarily by the liver. Complement proteins circulate primarily in their inactive forms and must be activated by a complex cascade of events mediated by enzymes. |
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The only lymphatic organ with afferenr lymphatic vessels is the a. lymph node b.spleen c.thymus d.tonsils |
Lymph node Lymph flows into the node through multiple small lymphatic vessels called afferent lymphatic vessels. |
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Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) include the a.spleen b.kidneys c.tonsils d.liver |
Tonsils. MALT= loosely organized clusters of lymphoid tissue. |
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MALT locations |
gastrointestinal tract -the appendix located off the large intestie, peyer's patches, tonsils. respiratory passages genitourinary tract
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Peyer's patches |
aggregated lymphoid nodules, located in the last portion of the small intestine (called the ileum) |
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Removal of which if the following lymphoid organs would be most detrimental to immune function in an infant? a.Thymus b.Spleen c.Tonsils d.Appendix |
Thymus T cell production. |
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Immune three lines of defense |
1) surface barriers 2)cells and proteins of innate immunity 3)cells and proteins of adaptive immunity 3a. cell mediated immunity (two types of T cells. 3b. antibody mediated immunity (humoral immunity) carried out by B cells and proteins they produce called antibodies. |
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Specialized lymphatic capillaries known as ________absorb dietary fats in the small intestine. a.lacteals b.lymph nodes c.lymphatic valves d.blind ended capillaries |
Lacteals. The breakdown of products of fats in the diet are too large to pass through the tiny spaces between the wndothelial cells of blood capillaries. However, they are able to enter small lymphatic vessels in the small intestine. The diatery fats travel through the lymphatic vessels and are delivered to the blood with lymph. |
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T or F: Lymphatic capillaries are blid ended, which makes the lymphatic vasculature a one way system that only moves lymph away from the tissues. |
True |
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Which lymph trunks receive lymph from the upper limbs? a. subclavian trunks b.intestinal trunks c.jugular trunks d. bronchomediastinal trunks |
Subclavian trunks |
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T or F: intestinal trunk receives fat containing lymph from the small lymphatic vessels in the small intestine. |
True |
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T or F: Jugular trunks receive lymph from the head and neck. |
True |
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T or F: bronchomediastinal trunks receive lymph from the thoracic cavity. |
True |
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All of the following structures are tonsils except: a.hypoglossal tonsils b.pharyngeal tonsils c.lingual tonsils d.palatine tonsils |
hypoglossal tonsils. |
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The cisterna chyli receive lymph drained from the: |
Intestinal and lumbar trunks The intestinal and lumbar trunks all drain into a large, swollen looking vessel called cisterna chyli. The cisterna chyli and trunks from the left side of the body drain into the thoracic duct, the largest lymphatic duct, which runs along the anterior vertebral column and drains into the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins. |
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Where are pathogens filtered from lymph? a. lymph nodes b.tonsils c.spleen d.lacteals |
Pathogens are filtered from lymph in lymph nodes. Lymph flows into the node through multiple small lymphatic vessels called afferent lymphatic vessels. Lymph percolates through the reticular network, where many pathogens in the lymph become trapped in reticular "net". Trapped pathogens then encounter leukocytes and dendritic cells, which eliminate these threats. Lymph that has been cleaned of pathogens drains out through efferent lymphatic vessels on the other side of the node at an area called hilum. Lymph nodes are remarkably effective at their job and trap 90% of the pathogens in lymph. This prevents these pathogens from being delivered to the blood, where they could easily spread to other tissues and organs. |
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True or False: spleen protects us from pathogens in the blood. |
True. |
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Which of the following basic functions is not associated with the lymphatic system? a. Transport of nutrients b. Regulation of interstitial fluid c. Absorption of dietary fats d. Immune functions |
Transport of nutrients |
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What MALT traps pathogens entering the nasal and oral cavities? |
Tonsils |
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What cells display portions of the pathogens (antigens) they ingest on their plasma membranes? a.basophils b.eosinophils c.antigen presenting cells d. natural killer (NK) cells |
Antigen presenting cells. Macrophages function as antigen presenting cells, cells that display portions of the pathogens (antigens) they ingest on their plasma membranes. T cells respond to these antigens by becoming activated. Activated T cells in turn secrete substances that increase the activity of the macrophages, in an example of a positive feedback loop. This is one of many instances of innate and adaptive immunity working together. |
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Natural Killer Cell |
Have an ability to recognize cancerous cells and cell infected with certain viruses despite the fact they cannot recognise antigens. They appear to do this by scanning the cells for irregularities and by reacting to cells that have bound to antibodies (another example of innate and adaptive immunity working together). NK are cytotoxic, releasing substances that destroy their target cells. They secrete an antimicrobial cytokine that activates macrophages and enhances phagocytosis. |
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__________will increase their oxygen consumption when activated, known as respiratory burst, allowing them to create chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide. a. neutrophils b.natural killer cells c.cytotoxic T cells d.basophils |
Neutrophils. When they are activated, their oxygen consumption increases, a phenomenon called respiratory burt. This allows them to create chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid and hydroxide anoins, which kill ingested pathogens. |
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Acquired immunity allows for immunological memory in which lymphocytes respond to specific antigens during a lifetime. Another name for acquired immunity is_______. |
Adaptive immunity. Adaptive immunity responds more slowly thab innate immunity because one must be exposed to a specific antigen for the response to be initiated. Adaptive immunity takes 3-5 days to mount a response, but after this point it is the dominant response. |
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Innate immunity |
Innate immunity responds quickly and is the dominant response to pathogens for the first 12 hours after exposure. This occurs because the cells and proteins exist in the bloodstream, even in the absence of a stimulus (hence the term innate). Innate immunity lacks the capacity for immunological memory and will respond in the same way with repeat exposures to a pathogen. |
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Passive immunity |
Found when performed antibodies are passed from one organism to another. Passive immunity may be naturally acquired, for example, when the IgG of a pregnant woman crosses from her blood into that of her fetus, or artificially acquired, from an injection with performed antibodies. This form of immunity lasts only the amount of time that antibodies stay in bloodstream, which is about 3 months on average. |
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The lymphoid organ that is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes is the _______. |
Thymus |
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Spleen |
Large lymphoid organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity that filters blood and processes old erythrocytes. |
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Lymph nodes |
Clusters of lymphatic tissue located along lymphatic vessels throughout the body. limit the spread of pathogens through the body by acting as filters, trapping pathogens and preventing them from traveling elsewhere. |
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All immune cells of the lymphatic system originate in the ____ a. bone marrow b.spleen c.lymph nodes d.malt |
bone marrow |
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Adaptive immunity |
Components of it respond to unique markers called antigens. |
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The lymphatic organ that protects us from pathogens in our blood is the _________. |
Splee |
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The system that contains no organs or tissue of its own but instead consists of proteins and cells located in the blood is known as the ______ system. |
immune |
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Which of the following cells is not found in most lymphoid tissues? a.chonddocytes b.lymphocytes c.phagocytes d.retocular cells |
Chondrocytes are not found in most lymphoid tissues. |
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Phagocytic cells in lymphoid tissues and organs |
Macrophages and dendritic cells. Macrophages are mature monocytes that are active phagocytes. Dendritic cells are leukocytes with spiny processes that resemble the dendrites of neurons. They play an important role in activating lymphocytes. |
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Reticular fibers |
Composed of a specialized thin type of collagen protein, are produced by reticular cells. Reticular cells are particularly abundant in organs such as spleen and lymph nodes. |
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Lymphocytes |
Lymphoid organz house lymphocytes including B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. |
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The lymph from the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct empty into the |
Subclavian veins The thoracic duct drains into the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins. Right lymphatic duct drains into the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins. At these venous junctions, the lymph drains into the blood of the low pressure venous circuit at the subclavian veins. |
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Fever |
above 36-38 (97-99) |
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Pyrogens |
Fever is initiated when chemicals called pyrogens are released from damaged cells or certain bacteria. |
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T or F: cytokines produced by activated phagocytes act on cells in the bone marrow to increase the production of neutrophils and monocytes over the next 3-4 days. |
True |
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Which lymphatic organ contains both red and white pulp? |
spleen red pulp: macrophages white pulp: leukocytes |
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Pyrogens act on the _______and disrupt the body's thermostat. a.hypothalamus b.thalamus c.midbrain d.medulla oblongata |
Hypothalamus Cause the hypothalamic thermostat to reset to a higher range. At this higher range, hypothalamus interperts normal body temperature as being too low, which triggers the negative feedback loop. This is why you feel cold, or have chills when you have a fever, the hypothalamus is triggering responses to elevate body temperature to the new, higher range. |
