Lymph. Exam 2.

Front 1

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Back 1

defends the body against environmental hazards and internal threats

Front 2

What are the primary cells ofo the lymphatic system?

Back 2

lymphocytes

Front 3

What do lymphocytes respond to?

Back 3

pathogens, abnormal body cells, foreign proteins

Front 4

What are lymphocytes surrounded by?

Back 4

lymph

Front 5

What does the lymph system include?

Back 5

lymphoid tissues and lymphoid organs scattered throughout the body

Front 6

What carries lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system

Back 6

lymphatic vessels

Front 7

Where does the lymphatic network begin?

Back 7

lymphatic capillaries

Front 8

Where are lymph capillaries present?

Back 8

almost every tissue and organ in the body

Front 9

What are the four ways lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

Back 9

1. originate as pockets rather than tubes
2. larger diameters
3. thinner walls
4. flattened or irregular outline

Front 10

Is the basal lamina present in lymph capillaries?

Back 10

either absent or incomplete

Front 11

What does the region of overlap allow for with endothelial cells?

Back 11

acts as a one way valve and permits the entry of fluids and solutes

Front 12

Where does lymph flow from from the lymph capillaries to?

Back 12

larger lymph vessels

Front 13

Do lymphatic vessels contain valves?

Back 13

yes

Front 14

Are pressures high or low in the lymphatic vessels?

Back 14

low

Front 15

Where are lymphatic capillaries absent?

Back 15

areas that lack blood flow

Front 16

What are the two types of lymphatic vessels?

Back 16

deep and superficial

Front 17

Where are superficial lymphatics located?

Back 17

in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin

Front 18

Where are the deep lymphatics located?

Back 18

near deep arteries and veins supplying skeletal muscles and other organs of th eneck, limbs, trunk, and walls of visceral organs

Front 19

What do lymphatic vessels converge to form?

Back 19

lymphatic trunks

Front 20

Where do lymphatic trunks empty into?

Back 20

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Front 21

Where does the thoracic duct collect lymph from?

Back 21

-lower part of the body
-left side of head
-left arm, left thorax

Front 22

Where does lymph from the thoracic duct enter the blood?

Back 22

BETWEEN the left internal jugular vein and left subclavian vein

Front 23

Where does the right lymphatic duct collect blood from?

Back 23

-neck and head
-right side-arm, right thorax

Front 24

Where does lymph from the right lymphatic duct enter the blood from?

Back 24

between the right internal jugular vein and the right subclavian vein

Front 25

What is the function of the cisterna chyli?

Back 25

recieves lymph from inerior part of the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbsby the left lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk

Front 26

Where does the thoracic duct collect lymph from?

Back 26

bronchomediastinal trunk, left suclavian trunk, and left jugular trunk

Front 27

Where does the right lymphatic duct collect from?

Back 27

right jugular trunk, right subclavian trunk, right bronchmediastinal trunk

Front 28

What does the blockage of the lymphatic drainage called?

Back 28

lymphedema

Front 29

What is a closed end vessel system?

Back 29

dead end capillaries where everything goes into the lymph and doesnt come out

Front 30

What does interstitial fluid control?

Back 30

1. protein concentration
2. volume of interstital fluid
3. control pressure of IF

Front 31

What does the closed end vessel system return?

Back 31

proteins and fluid to the blood

Front 32

What happens to high melecular weight proteins that cannot be absorbed from tissues?

Back 32

they are picked up from lymphatic tissue

Front 33

What is the concentration of protein in most tissues?

Back 33

2 g/dl

Front 34

What is the concentration of protein in the liver?

Back 34

up to 6 g/dl

Front 35

What is the concentration in the intestines?

Back 35

3-4 g/dl

Front 36

Where does lymphatic capillaries drain lymph from?

Back 36

interstitial spaces

Front 37

Lymphatic capillaries drain lymph from everywhere except what?

Back 37

superficial portions of the skin, CNS, muscle endomysium and bones

Front 38

What drains the areas that dont get drained from the lymphatic capillaries?

Back 38

sinuses that go to blood capillaries

Front 39

What are pre-lymphatics?

Back 39

minute interstitial channels that eventually flow into vessels

Front 40

What unites to form lymphatic vessels?

Back 40

lymph nodes

Front 41

Where do the subcutaneous tissue of skin unite to form?

Back 41

follow veins

Front 42

Where do the lymphatic vessels unite in the viscera?

Back 42

follow arteries to form plexuses

Front 43

What is the pathway the lymph follows to the heart?

Back 43

lymph capillaries-->vessels-->lymph nodes-->trunks-->ducts-->heart

Front 44

What are the five trunks?

Back 44

-lumbar
-intestinal
-bronchomediastinal
-subclavian
-jugular

Front 45

Where does the lumbar trunk drain from?

Back 45

the lower limbs, wall and viscera of pelvis, kidneys, adrenal glands, abdominal wall

Front 46

What does the intestinal trunk drain from?

Back 46

stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, part of liver

Front 47

What does the bronchomediastinal trunk drain from?

Back 47

thoracic wall, lung, heart

Front 48

Where does the subclavian trunk drain from?

Back 48

upper limbs

Front 49

Where does the jugular trunks drain from?

Back 49

head and neck

Front 50

What is the rate of lymph flow?

Back 50

120 mL/hr; 2-3 L/day

Front 51

What is the relationship between lymph flow and increased interstitial fluid pressure?

Back 51

any factor that increases interstitial fluid pressure increases lymph flow

Front 52

What are the four factors that increase lymph flow?

Back 52

1. decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure
2. increase in IF colloid osmotic pressure
3. increased capillary hydrostatic pressue (blood pressure)
4. increased permeability of capillaries

Front 53

What effect does the lymphatic pump have on lymph flow?

Back 53

increases it

Front 54

What is the flow of interstitial fluid at rest?

Back 54

almost 0

Front 55

What is the relationship between lymphatic tissue and the efficiency of the pump

Back 55

the greater the pressure of lymph tissue, the greater the efficiency of the lymph pump

Front 56

What is intrinsic intermittent contraction?

Back 56

smooth muscle contraction segment by segment

Front 57

What happens whena vessel is stretched?

Back 57

smooth muscles contract

Front 58

What is external intermittent compression?

Back 58

any external factor that intermitently compresses the lymph vessel

Front 59

What are five things that could be exernal intermittent compression?

Back 59

-skeletal muscle contraction surrounding lymph vessels
-movement of body parts
-breathing
-pulsation of arteries adjacent to lymphatic vessels
-compressing tissue outside of body

Front 60

What are the two main factors that determine lymph flow?

Back 60

1. interstitial fluid pressure
2. activity of lymphatic pump

Front 61

What are the two types of immunity?

Back 61

acquired and innate

Front 62

What is acquired or adaptive immunity?

Back 62

-specific
-contact with invader then produce antibodies against it

Front 63

What is innate immunity?

Back 63

-nonspecific
-skin, mucous membranes, phagocytes, and chemicals in blood