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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is respiratory diverticulum derived from |
Outgrowth of proximal foregut of endoderm |
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What does respiratory diverticulum form |
tracheal bud which grows into splanchnopleuric mesoderm |
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what happens to respiratory diverticulum in week 5 |
a septum grows, dividing trachea and oesophagus (tracheo-oesophageal septum). tracheal bud then grows into splanchopleuric mesoderm. |
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what happens if tracheo-oesophageal septum fails to form |
tracheoesophageal fistula forms, linking the two -> infection - failure to thrive |
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what does splanchnopleuric mesoderm form |
- lining and glands of respiratory tract - smooth muscle - blood vessels - cartilage - visceral pleura |
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What is branching morphogenesis |
each lung bud divides many times to form the bronchial tree |
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what are the 4 lung bud divisions |
1 = primary bronchi formation 2 = secondary bronchi (lobar) 3 = segmental bronchi 4 = intra segmental (bronchopulmonary segments) |
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when do the 4 lung bud divisions occur |
primary = 28 days secondary = 33 days segmental = week 7 intra-segmental = |
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when does respiratory epithelium appear |
week 26, appears in the terminal bronchiole sacs - thins to simple squamous epithelium to allow gas exchange |
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when is surfactant produced |
6 months - allow air spaces to inflate |
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surface markings of apex of lung |
2-3cm above medial one third of the clavicle |
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surface markings of R lung |
apex ->4th cc -> 6th cc - moves away from midline -> 8th cc midclavicular line -> 10th cc midaxillary line - 10th rib posteriorly is the base |
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surface markings of L lung |
apex -> 4th cc - moves away from midline (cardiac notch) -> 6th cc -> 8thcc midclavicular line -> 10th midaxillary line - 10th rib posteriorly |
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surface markings of the oblique fissure |
T3 to 6cc |
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surface marking of horizontal fissure |
4cc to oblique fissure |
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surface markings of pleura |
apex - 4thcc - 6cc - 8th rib midclavicular - 10th rib midaxillary - 12th rib posteriorly |
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where is costodiaphragmatic recess |
v shaped recess in parietal pleura between thoracic wall and diaphragm - 5cm vertical between 8th and 10th rib on midaxillary line |
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what is function of costodiaphragmatic recess |
for expansion during deep inspiration. fluids may collect here, pleural effusion. |
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4 parts to parietal pleura |
1) cervical 2) diaphragmattic 3) mediastinal 4) costal |
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3 points of pleural reflection |
1) sternal line - anteriorly 2) costal line - inferiorly 3) vertebral line - posteriorly |
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which nerves supply parietal pleura |
diaphragmatic and mediastinal = phrenic nerve (C3, 4, 5) costal = intercostal nerves |
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what holds the two pleural layers together |
surface tension |
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tension pneumothorax |
deviation of trachea AWAY from side of tension |
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where would you insert a chest drain |
ideally 5th or 6th intercostal space midaxilla or 2nd, 8th or 10th intercostal space if reasoning can be rationalised |
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structures in the hilum |
bronchi pulmonary arteries and veins bronchial arteries and veins bronchopulmonary lymph nodes pulmonary plexus of nerves pulmonary ligament |
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which nerve is anterior to hilum |
phrenic nerve |
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which nerve is posterior to hilum |
vagus nerve |
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Left Medial wall of the lung relations |
aortic arch descending aorta pulmonary trunk cardiac impression left braciocephalic vein oesophagus subclavian artery |
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Right medial wall of the lung relations |
arch of azygos vein superior vena cava inferior vena cava right braciocephalic vein oesophagus |
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which parts of the lung drain to right lymphatic duct |
right lung and left lower lobe |
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which parts of the lung drain to thoracic duct |
left lung upper lobe |
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what is the carina |
cartilaginous ring within trachea at site of tracheal bifurcation |
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significance of carinal angle |
indicates carcinoma of carinal lymph nodes |
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trachea anatomy |
starts at C6 (cricoid cartilage) bifurcates at T4 (sternal angle) enters hilum at T5/6 (left primary bronchus passes under arch of aorta) |
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tracheal wall |
incomplete C shapes of hyaline cartilage plus trachealis muscle. become complete cartilage rings at hilum. |
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function of trachealis muscle |
contracts during coughing - reducing size of tracheal lumen to increase rate of airflow |
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tracheal nerve supply |
autonomic = CN X and sympathetic |
