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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Name the pleura involved w/ the lung and what each covers?
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visceral-covers each lung
parietal-lines the pleural cavity of the lung |
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What is the pleural cavity filled with? What is it produced by? How much fluid is present normally?
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serous fluid produced by the mesothelium
20mL |
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What is the purpose of serous fluid?
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it keeps the two membranes close together, but allows movement of the thoracic cage, diaphragm and lungs w/ little friction
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Describe the pressure of the fluid of the pleural cavity. What is its significance?
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it has a slight negative pressure (2-6mm Hg)
it helps keep the lungs filling the pleural cavity |
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What is the visceral pleura continuous with?
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the parietal pleura at the hilum of the lung
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What is pleurisy?
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inflamation of the pleural membrane
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What is the hilum?
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where the bronchus and pulmonary vessels enter and leave the lung
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Describe the pulmonary ligament. Where is it located?
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it is an extra reflection of the pleural membranes onto each other
it is inferior to each hilar region |
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Describe the 4 subdivisions of the parietal pleura.
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costal-contacts rib cage
mediastinal-mediastinal structures diaphragmatic-upper surface of diaphragm cervical-extends superior to 1st rib |
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The pleural cavity extends more inferiorly than the lungs. What does this form?
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inferior recesses form when the parietal pleura has no intervening lung tissue
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Name the two recesses formed by the parietal pleura. Where is each located?
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costomediastinal-left pleural space where costal and mediastinal pleura meet anterior to the heart-it is adjacent to the caudal portion of the superior lobe (lingula)
costodiaphragmatic-posterior inferior most part of the pleura |
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Which recess is most likely to collect excess fluid in the pleural space?
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costodiaphragmatic recess
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Does each lung have its own pleural cavity?
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yes
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Describe pneumothorax.
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caused by traumatic injury to the wall of the lung
allows air to be pulled into the pleural space and the lung collapses |
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Describe hemothorax. What usually causes it?
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accumulation of blood in the pleural space
caused by injury to an intercostal vessel rather than laceration of the lung |
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Describe hydrothorax. What causes it?
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excessive accumulation of fluid, other than blood, in the pleural space
caused by infection |
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Describe the trachea and alveoli.
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air divides 23 times as it moves down the trachea
area of alveoli is 2000 times > tracheal x.s. new alveoli cont to dev until 8 yrs of age end up w/ about 300 million |
how many times does air divide in the trachea?
surface area of alveoli? how long the develop? how many a person has? |
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How much air can a person take in during heavy breathing? normal?
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3-5L
0.5-0.7L |
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What is the significance of flotation of the lungs at autopsy?
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lungs which have never taken a breath will sink when placed in water
=still born baby or inhalation of water |
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What is located at the root or hilum of each lung?
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main bronchus, pulmonary artery, two pulmonary veins
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Describe the lobes and fissures of the lungs.
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Right
3 lobes-upper, middle, lower 2 fissures-horizontal fissure sbdivides superior and middle lobe-oblique fissure divides superior and inferior left 2 lobes-superior and inferior 1 fissure-oblique fissure |
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Describe the position of the superior and inferior lobes of the right and left lungs.
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the superior lobe is always anterior, the inferior lobe is always posterior
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they are the same
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What do bronchopulmonary segments include and how many are in each lung?
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include bronchi and pulmonary arteries, with pulmonary veins draining a segment nearby
there are 10 segments in each lung |
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Discuss pulmonary arteries and veins. (de/oxygenated)
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arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the R ventricle to the lungs
veins carry oxygenated blood to the L atrium |
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What is the left pulmonary artery attached to? What attaches it?
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arch of aorta by ligamentum arteriosum, a remnant of the ductus arteriosus
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Where does the right pulmonary artery cross?
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under the arch of the aorta to reach right lung
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Discuss bronchial arteries and veins. Where do they branch from?
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bronchi have small arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the bronchial tree
2 on the left come off the descending aorta 1 on the R comes off the 3rd posterior intercostal artery |
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Where do the small bronchial veins drain?
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the azygos vein of the R
hemiazygos vein on L |
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What are the 3 surfaces of the lung? What does each contact?
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costal-contacts ribs, costal cartilage and sternum
mediastinal-mediastinal structures including side of vertebral bodies diaphragmatic surface-convex dome to diaphragm |
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Describe the mediastinal impressions of the right lung? (3)
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groove for superior vena cava, arch of azygos vein, esophagus
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Describe the mediastinal impressions of the left lung? (3)
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cardiac impression, groove for arch of the aorta and subclavian artery
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What is located in the right hilum and describe their anatomical positions?
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bronchus-superior and posterior
pulmonary arteries-middle pulmonary veins-anterior and inferior |
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What is located in the left hilum and describe their anatomical positions?
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bronchus-posterior
pulmonary artery-superior pulmonary veins-anterior and linferior |
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Describe the shape of the left and right bronchi. What does this mean for inhaled bodies?
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Left-narrow and more horizontal
Right-wider, shorter, more vertical aspirated bodies usu in R |
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What subdivides the trachea into right and left bronchi?
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carina
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What are the 2 lymphatic drainages of the lungs?
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subpleural lymphatic plexus (superficial and small)
deep lymphatic plexus |
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What are the nodes of the deep lymphatic plexus called?
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peribronchial nodes
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Describe the drainage of the deep lymphatic plexus.
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peribronchial nodes to bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes, these drain along w/ subpleural nodes into superior and inferior trancheobronchial nodes, which drain into bronchomediastinal lymph trunks which drain to right lymphatic duct (on R) or thoracic duct (on L)
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What does the pulmonary plexus receive sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation from?
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vagus
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What does parasympathetic innervation of the lungs produce?
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bronchial constriction, mucous secretion, and inhibits pulmonary arterial vosoconstriction
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What does sympathetc innervation of the lungs produce?
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relaxation of bronchial muscle, inhibits mucous secretion and induces pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction
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What are responsible for pain and cough reflex? What do they travel w/?
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afferent nerves, they travel w/ sympathetic nerves
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Which pleura of the lungs is innervated with pain fibers? Where may the pain be referred? Why is the pain referred here?
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the parietal pleura has nerve pain fibers, the visceral does not (insensitive to pain)
pain may be referred to the neck and shoulder region b/c the diaphragm is innervated by C3,4,5 |
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Describe what happens during heavy breathing.
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diaphragm moves inferiorly
ribs raised to increase lateral dimension as well as anterior/posterior dimension contracting of scalene muscles/sternocleidomastoid |
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What is involved in quiet inspration?
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diaphragm, external intercostals, and interchondral portion of internal intercostals
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What is involved in quiet expiration?
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passive elastic recoil of lungs and abdominal muscles, as well as some thoracic cage muscles
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What is added during forced inspiration?
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sternocleidomastoid
scalene muscles levator costarum serratus posterior superior |
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What is added during forced expiration?
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active contraction of rectus abdominis
external & interal oblique muscles internal intercostal muscles serratus posterior inferior |
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What is emphysema? What does it lead to?
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destruction of the respiratory and terminal bronchioles by fibrosis
leads to the need to increase the amount of air drawn into the lungs in order for adequate gas exchange causes barrel chest-increase in anteroposterior dimension of the chest, ribs more horizontal and diaphragm flattened-similar to heavy inspiration |
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What does the diaphragm develop from?
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pleuroperitoneal membrane
septum transversum paraxial mesoderm of the body wall esophageal mesoderm |
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Describe the initial development of the lungs.
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the lung develops as a bud develop off the ventral surface of the forgut (endodermal and mesodermal tissues)
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What happens in week 4 in development of the lungs?
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respiratory (laryngotracheal) diverticulum (=lung bud) dev off the ventral wall of the pharynx (foregut) (endoderm)
the lung bud branches into R&L bronchial buds |
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Describe the branching of the lungs.
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branching into R&L occurs at the end of week 4
3R & 2L bronchial buds, further branching occurs later |
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What does the tracheoesophageal ridge form and separate?
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tracheoesophageal septum which separates foregut from developing trachea and lung buds
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What remains connected w/ the pharynx at the laryngeal orifice?
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respiratory primordium
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What is tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)? What usually occurs
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defects in development of the esophagus and trachea
blind esophagus and developed trachea, TEF attaches just below the bifurcation to the distal portion of the esophagus |
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What is esophageal atresia?
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an interruption
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What other defects are seen in infants w/ TEF?
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vertebral anomalies
anal atresia (absence cardiac defects renal anomalies limb defects |
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What is polyhydramniois?
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common complication of TEF-normally the fetus swallows significant vol of amniotic fluid-if excess amniotic fluid when water breaks part of the dif diagnosis should include esophageal atresia
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Growing lungs expand laterally into what canal?
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pericardioperitoneal
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What does the parietal pleura of the lungs form from? visceral pleura?
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parietal-somatic mesoderm epithelium
visceral-mesoderm on top of eveloping lung |
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What are the 4 stages of lung development and when do they occur?
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pseudoglandular period-5-16 weeks, lung divides many times
canalicular-weeks 16-25, functional respiratroy alveoli develop terminal sac-25-36 weeks-surfactant is produced by type II alveolar cells alveolar-8 mo to birth, lungs func normally |
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Why are infants that are born more than one month prematurely at an increased risk for respiratory distress syndrome?
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sufficient pulmonary type II cells have not formed or don't produce enough pulmonary surfactant, the alveoli can collapse w/ expiration
insufficient surfactant can damage alveoli and protein and fluid leak from capillaries leading to hyaline membrane disease |
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What are hiccups?
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involuntary, spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm
they are interrupted by spasmodic closure of the glottis |
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What can cause hiccups?
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diaphragmatic irritation, consuption of various foods
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What is pumonary emboli? What are the symptoms?
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venous clot in lungs
dyspnea, lightheadedness, tachycardia |
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What are common tumors that metastasize to the lung?
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salivary gland
thyroid breast kidney colon uterine bladder ovarian prostate |
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What occurs in the pseudoglandular period? When does it occur?
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lung divides many times
week 5-16 |
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When do functional respiratory alveoli develop?
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weeks 16-25
canalicular period |
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What happens in weeks 25-36?
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terminal sac period
surfactant is produced by type II alveolar cells |
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When are lungs able to function normally? What is this period called?
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at 8 months
alveolar period |
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