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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What membrane covers the lungs?
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visceral pleura
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What membrane lines ribcage & covers upper surface of diaphragm?
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parietal pleura
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What is the space between the visceral and parietal membrane?
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pleural cavity
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What fissures are found in the right lung?
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oblique and horizontal
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What fissures are found in the left lung?
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oblique fissure
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Blood vessels & airways enter lungs at the _________.
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hilus
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Bronchi, vessels and nerves constitute the __________. It is covered by what?
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root; pleura
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The respiratory bronchioles are composed of what kind of epithelium?
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simple squamous
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Respiratory ducts subdivide into what?
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alveolar ducts
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What is an alveolar sac?
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it is two or more alevoli sharing a common opening
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What type of alveoli has simple squamous cells where gas exchange occurs?
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Type I alveolar cells
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What alveoli has free surface and microvilli that secrete alveolar fluid containing surfactant?
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Type II alveolar cells (septal cells)
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What cells are wandering macrophages remove debris?
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Alveolar dust cells
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What layer of the respiratory membrane consists of type I and II cells?
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alveolar wall
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What layer of the respiratory membrane underlies the alveolar wall?
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epithelial basement membrane
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What layer of the respiratory membrane is often fused to the epitheliam basement membrane?
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capillary basement membrane
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What layer of the respiratory membrane consists of the capillary?
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endothelial cells
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What is the surface area of the capillary membrane?
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70m^2
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In response to low O2 levels, what happens to pulmonary blood vessels?
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They constrict
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When can air move inside the lungs?
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When the pressure inside the lungs is less than the atmosphere.
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When does air move out of the lungs?
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When the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the atmosphere
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How do you accomplish exhalation?
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By decreasing the volume, the pressure increases.
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What muscles are used in quiet inspiration, and what happens to the pressure?
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External and internal intercostals; the pressure decreases
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In forced, labored inspiration, what muscles are used and what happens to the pressure?
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sternocleidomastoid, scalenes & pectoralis minor; pressure increases
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What are the general functions of hormones?
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extracellular fluid
metabolism biological clock contraction of cardiac & smooth muscle glandular secretion some immune functions |
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What differentiates exocrine from endocrine glands?
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Exocrine glands secrete into ducts, whereas endocrine glands secrete into the bloodstream
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What local hormone acts on neighboring cells?
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paracrine
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What local hormones act on the same cells that secrete them?
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autocrine
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Where and what occurs during positive feedback?
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Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions
Uterine contractions cause pressure on cervix Pressure on cervix stimulates oxytocin release (repeat) |
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What are the master endocrine glands?
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hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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Where does the hypothalamus receive input?
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cortex, thalamus, limbic system & internal organs
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Where is the pituitary gland found?
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in sella turcica of sphenoid
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What lobe constitutes the larger part of the pituitary gland?
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anterior
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What lobe of the pituitary gland constitutes the smaller?
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posterior lobe at 25%
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Which lobe are special neuroglial cells called pituicytes found?
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posterior
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