Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are professional phagocytic cells?
|
Neutraphils
|
|
|
What cells of the immune system confer specificity (need antigen presenting cell)?
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
|
What are the basic lines of defense?
|
Skin, innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation and immune response
|
|
|
What is the function of the upper airway?
|
First line of defense; mucus secretion to catch bugs, condition air,
|
|
|
Define innate immunity.
|
cells in place and ready to attack, no specificity required, does not require much energy, can turn on adaptive immune response
|
|
|
What is a CBC?
|
White blood cell count
|
|
|
What is a WBC differential?
|
Looks at the different WBC present
|
|
|
What is another test we can run to see what type of WBC we have present?
|
Flow cytometry ; you can ascertain granularity
|
|
|
Where do WBC and RBC work?
|
RBC work in the vasculature, WBC work in the ECM
|
|
|
List all the methods that you can use to determine your WBC.
|
Flow, blood smears, chemotaxis, CBC, differential,
|
|
|
what is side scatter in flow cytometry?
|
a measure of granularity
|
|
|
what are dots on a flow cytometry graph?
|
number of cells
|
|
|
what is forward scatter?
|
size of granules
|
|
|
what are azurophils?
|
found in the neutrophil; cytoplasmic granules that contain antimicrobial defensins and myeloperoxidase
|
|
|
how long do neutrophils and macrophages live?
|
Neutrophils live 3 to 5 days, macrophages live
|
|
|
what are the N kinetics?
|
60x 10^6 are released per minute; last ten hours; half life is 7 hours
|
|
|
where are the N made?
|
Bone marrow
|
|
|
What do N detect and how do they migrate and what do they do once they find the bug?
|
bacterial chemotaxic gradient; migrate into the chemotaxic gradient; kill the bug by phagocytosis and then die themselves
|
|
|
walk through basic steps when a bug is encountered.
|
N are released through signaling from cytokines and chemokines, use blood to get there, follow gradient to bug, and kill him
|
|
|
what increases N number?
|
stress, injury, infection, and increased cytokines
|
|
|
Chemotaxin binding to N initiates what?
|
tertiary granule release into the ECM, and specific granule release intracellularly
|
|
|
What occurs after chemotaxin binding?
|
Endocytosis of the bug into a phagosome, and azurophil and specific granule release their contents into phagosome
|
|
|
What is tertiary granule release?
|
more obscure molecule release
|
|
|
what is secondary (specific) granule release?
|
the release of proteins that define the N function
|
|
|
what is primary release?
|
azurophilic release
|
|
|
what is the function of the azurophilic molecules?
|
degrade the bug into amino acids, fatty acids, and carbs
|
|
|
How else can a N kill a bug?
|
ROS, superoixde, hydrogen peroxidase, hypochlorus acid from myeloperoxidase
|
|
|
what is a pussy infiltrate?
|
dead/dying PMN + extravasated fluid+ dead bug
|
|
|
what are the molecules released during secondary granule release?
|
Lysozymes, C' activators, type 4 collagenase, lactoferrin, phospholipase, phagocytin, alkaline phosphatase
|
|
|
what molecules are released by primary or azurophilic granules?
|
lysosomal hydrolase, myeloperoxidase, defensins
|
|
|
what is released during tertiary granule release?
|
metalloproteinases, phophastases
|
|
|
what are the two requirements for cell mobility?
|
cytoskeleton and cell membrane
|
|
|
what are 4 requirements of the cytoskeleton for mobility?
|
stabilize leading edge, position receptors, cell attachment, control of signaling
|
|
|
what happens if you do not control the signal?
|
N come rolling down and keep on going if you do not stop the signal
|
|
|
how do we polarize the cell?
|
microtubule organizing center and golgi apparatus, which forms the leading edge, and can then direct the membrane flow
|
|
|
what are three examples of chemotaxic receptors?
|
F-MLP, LTB4, Complement
|
|
|
where are the receptors found during activity?
|
leading edge
|
|
|
what do eosinophils use to bind to the vasculature?
|
VLA-4 binds to VCAM
|
|
|
What is LTB4
|
produced by leukocytes, induces adhesion, induced the release of ROS
|
|
|
what is the function of EndoCAM?
|
breaks down focal adhesion molecules
|
|
|
what are the 5 steps to phagocytosis?
|
Recognition, attachment and binding, endocytosis, killing and clearance
|
|
|
what is a phagosome?
|
early internalization of the bug into the N
|
