Ls1: Animals Part Iii

Front 1

DEUTEROSTOMES

Back 1

- not as numerous as protostomes but act as key predators and herbivores in most marine and terrestrial habitats
- similar embryonic development
- Adult body plans, feeding, movement, and reproduction are highly diverse

Front 2

Four Phyla

Back 2

- Echinodermata
- Hemichordata
- Xenoturbellida
- Chordata

Front 3

ECHINODERMS
"Spiny-skins"

Back 3

- spines or spikes
- larvae are bilaterally symmetric, but adults are radially symmetric
- water vascular system: series of branching, fluid-filled tubes that constitute a hydrostatic skeleton
- endoskeleton
- fluid-filled tubed feet
- podia: extended sections of tube feet that project outside body and facilitate movement

Front 4

CHORDATES
4 morphological features

Back 4

1. Pharyngeal Gill Slits
2. Notochord
3. Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
4. Muscular Post-Anal Tail

Front 5

Chordates
Pharyngeal Gill Slits

Back 5

openings to throat

Front 6

Chordates

Nerve Cord

Back 6

- dorsal and hollow
- bundle of nerve cells

Front 7

Chordates

Notochord

Back 7

- supportive but flexible rod that runs next to nerve cord

Front 8

Chordates

3 SUBPHYLA

Back 8

1. Urochordates
2. Cephalochordates
3. Vertebrates

Front 9

Chordates

UROCHORDATES
(Tunicates)

Back 9

- pharyngeal gill slits in larvae and adults
- tail, nerve cord, and notochord only present in larvae

Front 10

Chordates

CEPHALOCHORDATES
(lancelets)

Back 10

Small, mobile suspension feeders that lok like fish

Front 11

Chordates

VERTEBRATES

Back 11

- Nerve cord turns into spinal cord
- Pharyngeal pouches present in embryos develop into gills for marine animals but not terrestrial
- vertebrae and cranium

Front 12

Vertebrae

Back 12

cartilaginous or bony structures that form a column along dorsal side of most species, protecting the spinal cord

Front 13

Crandium

Back 13

skul, a bony, cartilaginous, or fibrous case that encloses and protects the brain

Front 14

Brain

Back 14

-allowed coordinated movements of vertebrates
1. forebrain → smell
2. midbrain → vision
3. hindbrain → balance and hearing

Front 15

Cartilage

Back 15

stiff tissue that consists of scattered cells in a gel-like matrix of polysaccs and protein fibers

Front 16

Vertebrate Fossil Record

Back 16

- bone: exoskeleton enveloping body
- jaws: first bony fishes
- tetrapod: appearnce of animals with limbs
- amniotic eggs: first animals with amniotic eggs appeared 20 million years after emergence of tetrapods

Front 17

Diversification

FEEDING

Back 17

- Suspension feeders, deposit feeders, mass feeders
- Podia in echinoderms play key role
- Evolution of the Jaw

Front 18

Feeding

JAW

Back 18

- allowed mass feeding
- origin: mutation and natural selection modified GILL ARCHES, curved regions in tissue below the gills
- PHARYNGEAL JAW located in mack of mouth making food processing effecient

Front 19

Diversification

MOVEMENT

Back 19

- fin-to-limb evolution
- limbs evolution allowed tetrapods to move on land in search of food
- echinoderms: water vascular system
- wings and ability to fly evolved independently for insects, pterosaurs, and birds

Front 20

Diversification

REPRODUCTION

Back 20

- tetrapods were the first vertebrates that could reproduce on land
- major evolutionary innovations:
1. amniotic egg
2. placenta
3. elaborate parental care

Front 21

Reproduction

AMNIOTIC EGG

Back 21

- water tight shell
- amnion: protective inner membrane
- yolk sac: nutrition
- allantois: waste
- chorion: gass exchange between yolk and albumen
- albumen: protein-rich solution with membrane-bound supply of water

Front 22

Reproduction

PLACENTA

Back 22

- organ in Viviparous mammals
- rich in blood vessels
- facilitate flow of oxygen and nutrients from mom to embryo
- Outer→Inner:
Placenta, Chorion, Amnion, Allantois, Yolk Sac

Front 23

Reproduction

PARENTAL CARE

Back 23

- encompasses any action by parent that improves ability of offspring to survive
- mammals provide the most
- mammals lactate
- placental mammals invest the most energy and time in offspring

Front 24

Key Lineages

ECHINODERMATA

Back 24

- water vascular system with tube feet
- endoskeleton
- radially symmetric adult with bilaterally symmetric larva
- 5 major lineages:
1. feather stars and sea lilies
2. sea stars
3. sea urchins and sand dollars
4. brittle and basket stars
5. sea cucumbers

Front 25

Echinodermata

ASTEROIDEA
(Sea Stars)

Back 25

- bodies with 5 or more long arms radiating from center

FEEDING
- center contains mouth, stomach, anus
- predators or scavengers

REPRODUCTION: separate sexes →sexual reproduction

Front 26

Echinodermata

ECHINOIDEA
(Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars)

Back 26

FEEDING
- Sea Urchins are herbivores, Sand Dollars use mucus covered podia to collect food particles in sand
- mouthpart with 5 CaCO3 teeth

REPRODUCTION separate sexes→sexual reproduction

Front 27

Key Lineages

CHORDATA

Back 27

- at some stage, must have: notochord, dorsal and hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post-anal tail
- 3 subphyla:
1. urochordates
2. cephalochordates
3. craniates and vertebrates
- All vertebrates are craniates, but not all craniates are vertebrates (hagfish and lampreys)

Front 28

Chordata

UROCHORDATA
(tunicates)

Back 28

- all found in ocean
- tunic: exoskeleton-like coat made of polysaccharides

FEEDING: suspension feeders
- u-shaped gut
- two siphons

MOVEMENT
- adult: sessile or float
- larva: swim with support of notochord

REPRODUCTION:
- asexual or sexual
- internal or external fertilization
- most produce sperm and eggs

Front 29

Chordata

CEPHALOCORDATA
(lancelets)

Back 29

- Marine sands
- look like fish but a blend between vertebrates and invertebrates

FEEDING: suspension feeders

MOVEMENT: notochord functions as endoskeleton and aids in movement

REPRODUCTION: separate sexes →sexual

Front 30

Chordata

CRANIATA
(hagfish and lamprey)

Back 30

- lack jaws but have crania
- lampreys undergo metamorphosis

FEEDING hagfish are predators, lamprey are ectoparasites

MOVEMENT hagfish have vertebral column, lamprey have a cartilage pieces along dorsal hollow nerve cord

Front 31

Chordata

VERTEBRATA

Back 31

- Chondricthyes
- Actinopterygii
- Coelacanths and Lungfish
- Amphibia
- Mammalia
- Reptilia

Front 32

Vertebrata

CHONDRICTHYES
(sharks, rays, skates)

Back 32

- cartilaginous skeleton
- jaws
- paired fins
- fresh water and mostly marine

FEEDING
- mostly predators, some suspension feeders

REPRODUCTION
- internal fertilization
- some are viviparous, some are oviparous

Front 33

Vertebrata

ACTINOPTERYGII
(ray-finned fishes)

Back 33

- long body rods support fins arranged in a ray pattern
- 96% of fish species are teleosts (most important lineage)
- oldest vertebrates with bony skeleton

MOVEMENT: swim bladder filled with gas to avoid sinking

FEEDING: most important herbivores, predators

Front 34

Vertebrata

COELECANTHS AND LUNGFISH
(lobe-finned fishes)

Back 34

- only 8 species alive
- important link between ray-finned fishes and tetrapods
- fleshy lob-shaped fins supported by linear arrangement of bones and muscles
- lungfish have lungs and can survive if water dries out

Front 35

Vertebrata

AMPHIBIA
(frogs, salamanders, caecilians)

Back 35

- most ancient tetrapods
- ponds, lakes, moist land
- gas exchange over some or all of moist, mucus-covered skin

FEEDING: carnivores on land

REPRODUCTION: must lay eggs in water

Front 36

Vertebrata

MAMMALIA
(mammals)

Back 36

- endoterms
- hair or fur
- mammary glands
- 3 subclasses:
1. Monotremata
2. Marsupiala
3. Eutheria

Front 37

Mammalia

MONOTREMATA
(Platypuses and echidnas)

Back 37

- most ancient group of mammals
- lay eggs and have lower metabolic rates
- platypuses feed on small animals in streams
- echidnas feed on ants, termites, earthworms on land

Front 38

Mammalia

MARSUPIALA
(marsupials)

Back 38

- females have placenta but young are bron poorly developed after short embryonic period
- young continue to develop attacted to mother's nipple until large enough to move independently
- convergent evolution in separate species

Front 39

Mammalia

EUTHERIA
(placental mammals)

Back 39

- 18 lineages (orders)
- size and shape of teeth and digestive tract correlate closely with diet
- internal fertilization and viviparous

Front 40

Mammalia

REPTILIA
(turtles, snakes, lizards, crocodiles, birds)

Back 40

-monophyetic group
- amniotes
- number and placement of openings in side of skull
- scales and well-developed lungs
- 4 major lineages:
1. turtles
2. lizards and snakes
3. crocodilesa nd alligators
4. birds

Front 41

Reptilia

TETSUDINIA
(turtles, tortoises)

Back 41

- shell composed of bony plates
- lack teeth but jawbone and lower skull for a bony beak
- carnivorous or herbivorous
- oviparous

Front 42

Reptilia

LEPIDOSAURIA
(lizards, snakes)

Back 42

- elongated bodies and scaly skin
- lizards: small are predators and large are herbivorous
- snakes: carnivores and poisonous fnags
- most lay eggs, some ovoviviparous

Front 43

Reptilia

CROCODILIA
(crocodiles and alligators)

Back 43

- sit and wait predators: eyes and nose above head→semi-submerged
- oviparous

Front 44

Reptilia

AVES
(birds)

Back 44

- feathers
- only endoderms in Reptilia
- omnivorous and predators
- oviparous

Front 45

Key Lineages

THE HOMININ RADIATION

Back 45

- Primates
1. prosimians ("before monkeys")
2. anthropoids ("humanlike")
- Hominids: Great apes

Front 46

Hominin

AUSTRALOPITHECUS

Back 46

4 species of small apes

Front 47

Hominin

PARANTHROPUS

Back 47

bipedal robust apes

Front 48

Hominin

HOMO HABILIS
(early homo)

Back 48

toolmaking

Front 49

Hominin

HOMO SAPIENS
(homo-humans)

Back 49

- Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals
- create art and bury dead in organized manner
- language and tool use -natural selection → large brains