Ls 2C03 - Midterm #2

Front 1

What does BBB stand for?

Back 1

Blood-Brain Barrier

Front 2

Does oxygen easily pass through the BBB? (ie: Does it need approval?)

Back 2

Passes easily
No approval required

Front 3

Does carbon dioxide easily pass through the BBB? (ie: Does it need approval?)

Back 3

Passes easily
No approval required

Front 4

Does glucose easily pass through the BBB? (Does it need approval?)

Back 4

Does not pass easily
Requires transporter

Front 5

What is GLUT? What is its function?

Back 5

Glucose-transporter
Transports glucose across BBB

Front 6

Does DOPA easily pass through the BBB? (Does it need approval?)

Back 6

Does not pass easily
Must be in the form of L-DOPA

Front 7

Does alcohol pass easily through the BBB? (Does it need approval?)

Back 7

Passes easily
No approval required

Front 8

What physical property of O2, CO2, and alcohol allows them to easily pass through the BBB?

Back 8

They are lipid soluble

Front 9

Which neurological disease has been shown to be treated effectively by L-DOPA?

Back 9

Parkinson's disease

Front 10

What must be given along with L-DOPA, in order for L-DOPA to be must effective?

Back 10

Carbidopa

Front 11

What function does L-DOPA serve in the neuron?

Back 11

Is converted into dopamine

Front 12

What function does carbidopa serve in the blood vessel?

Back 12

Prevents the conversion of L-DOPA into dopamine

Front 13

Can dopamine cross the BBB easily?

Back 13

No

Front 14

What types of substances can be passively transported across the BBB?

Back 14

Lipid soluble substances

Front 15

What is involved in carrier-mediated transport across the BBB?

Back 15

Transporters for specific substances

Front 16

True or False: Ion pumps are used in transport across the BBB.

Back 16

True

Front 17

Do transporters require energy to move substances across BBB?

Back 17

Most do, some do not

Front 18

Which transport system may allow viruses to enter the BBB?

Back 18

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 19

How can "masquerading" allow a bad virus or protein to cross the BBB? (4)

Back 19

-virus resides in a vesicle
-vesicle has "friendly" coat proteins
-"friendly" proteins find receptors
-entire vesicle endocytosed across the BBB

Front 20

True or False: An individual can live without any GLUT-1 transporters.

Back 20

False; incompatible with life

Front 21

Name three symptoms of GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome.

Back 21

-microencephaly (small head circumference)
-mental retardation
-learning disabilities
-uncontrolled epileptic seizures

Front 22

How do individuals with GLUT-1 deficiency survive? (2)

Back 22

-early intake of ketogenic diet (high fat)
-GLUT-1 starts being expressed

Front 23

Which two sugars can break the BBB? Why is this advantageous?

Back 23

-manitol, arabinose
-allows for administration of medication

Front 24

What else must be administered with mannitol or arabinose, and why?

Back 24

-antibiotics
-once BBB is broken, invaders can enter

Front 25

True or False: Breaking the BBB is permanant.

Back 25

False, temporary effect.

Front 26

Which areas of the brain have a "leaky" BBB?

Back 26

-circumventricular areas
-areas around the ventricles

Front 27

What aspect of the BBB fails to allow leaks?

Back 27

Tight junctions

Front 28

What is advantageous about a leaky BBB?

Back 28

Allows for better communications between hypothalamus/medulla and blood

Front 29

What important reflex is controlled by the medulla, and requires leaky BBB?

Back 29

Vomiting centre

Front 30

What important reflex is controlled by the hypothalamus, and requires leaky BBB?

Back 30

Hunger

Front 31

What is a tanycyte?

Back 31

Modified ependymal glial cells

Front 32

What to tanycytes do? (2)

Back 32

-prevent chemicals from leaking and diffusing around brain
-transport proteins and chemical signals

Front 33

Which two parts of the brain do tanycytes span between?

Back 33

-ventricle lining
-neurons

Front 34

True or False: Antibodies can cross the BBB.

Back 34

True

Front 35

Which condition results from antibodies attacking white matter of the brain?

Back 35

Multiple Sclerosis

Front 36

What does the white matter of the brain consist of?

Back 36

-myelin sheath
-nerve fibres

Front 37

Which conditions results in antibodies attacking grey matter of the brain?

Back 37

Rasmussen's encephalitis

Front 38

What does the grey matter of the brain consist of?

Back 38

Cell body

Front 39

Where can antibodies enter the brain and why?

Back 39

Around the ventricles; BBB is leaky there

Front 40

What is the most striking feature of Rasmussen's encephalitis?

Back 40

It affects only one hemisphere of the brain

Front 41

Name two treatments for Rasmussen's encephalitis.

Back 41

-plasma exchange of antibodies
-hemispherectomy

Front 42

True or False: Parasites cannot enter the brain.

Back 42

False; tapeworm.

Front 43

What condition did patient SM have?

Back 43

Urbach Wiethe

Front 44

The BBB is a ______-permeable barrier between the blood and the brain produced by the cells in the walls of the brain's ________.

Back 44

Selectively
Capillaries

Front 45

In the case of SM, which symptom of Urbach-Weithe disease was most notable?

Back 45

No fear of life situations

Front 46

The _______ is the key mediator in the development of a ______ response.

Back 46

Amygdala
Fear

Front 47

What is the key feature of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Back 47

Bilateral lesions of the amygdala

Front 48

Name four symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome.

Back 48

-excessive tameness
-placidity
-flat affect
-agnosias
-indiscriminate dietary behaviour
-autoeroticism, mounting on inanimate objects

Front 49

Describe patient HM's memory functioning, following the procedure.

Back 49

-retained normal memory for events prior to surgery
-unable to form new memories

Front 50

What procedure was performed on patient HM and why?

Back 50

-bilateral temporal lobe resection
-had generalized seizures that could not be controlled by medication

Front 51

Memories before an injury or procedure are called ________. Memories formed after an injury or procedure are called _________.

Back 51

Retrograde
Anterograde

Front 52

What are the two types of aggression associated with hypothalamic stimulation?

Back 52

-affective attack
-quiet biting attack

Front 53

What are the features of affective attack? (4)

Back 53

-halloween cat posture
-erect fur
-bared teeth
-non-targeting rage

Front 54

What are the features of quiet biting attack? (3)

Back 54

-no emotion or rage
-searching for prey, pouncing on it
-bites to head and neck

Front 55

Stimulation of the _____ hypothalamus induces affective attack. Stimulation of the ______ hypothalamus induces quiet biting attack.

Back 55

Medial
Lateral

Front 56

What is the main role of the thalamus?

Back 56

Sensory relay

Front 57

What does the ascending reticular formation control? (4)

Back 57

-arousal
-attention
-scanning
-recall

Front 58

What does the descending reticular formation control? (4)

Back 58

-muscle tone
-respiration
-cardiovascular reflexes
-emotion responses

Front 59

What does the brain stem/reticular formation run through?

Back 59

Major neurotransmitter nodes

Front 60

What are the three catecholamine neurotransmitters?

Back 60

Dopamine
Serotonin
Norepinephrine

Front 61

What are the four components of the tegmentum?

Back 61

-periaquedcutal gray matter
-reticular formation
-red nucleus
-substantia nigra

Front 62

Drug-seeking behaviour and drug addiction is associated with dopaminergic projections in which brain structure?

Back 62

Tegmentum