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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine Cells
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secrete chemical messages (hormones) that bind to receptors on target cells
duct-less (exocrine, into a duct/tube). |
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Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland
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endocrine
together, release hormones essential for water balance and for birth and breast feeding |
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anterior pituitary gland
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endocrine
hormones promote growth and control hormonal output of several other endocrine glands, including those of reproduction |
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thyroid gland
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endocrine
control the basal metabolic rate of the body |
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endocrine pancreas
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regulate metabolism of nutrient molecule
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parathyroid gland
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endocrine
important in calcium homeostasis |
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adrenal glands
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endocrine
metabolism of nutrient molecules, adaption to stress, maintaining salt balance |
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Pancreas
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endocrine and exocrine gland
endocrine portion: islets of Langerhans with alpha cells (glucagon) and beta cells (insulin) |
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Glucagon
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increases blood glucose by glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose) in liver and gluconeogenesis (glucose forms from amino acids, lactate) in liver
secretion of glucagon is controlled by chemical sensors in alpha cells stimulated by low blood sugar |
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Insulin
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decrease blood glucose (opposite of glucagon)
uptake of glucose from blood into skeletal muscle accelerates uptake of amino acids into cells-speeds up protein sythesis accelerates lipogenesis (glucose to amino or fatty acids) decreases glcogenolysis inhibits gluconeogenesis happens when hyperglycemic |
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Diabetes Mellitus
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type 1:
10-20% of all cases lack of insulin secretion autoimmune no beta cells subcu insulin injections type 2: insulin secretion normal or increased insulin target cells (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver) less sensitive than normal |
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Complication of Diabetes
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glucose gets stuck on proteins = glycosylation causes secondary complications
Glycosuria: high blood sugar exceed transport capacity for glucose in the kidney, urine has glucose Polydipsia: glucose in urine= increased urine production, excessive thirst Ketone Bodies: increased breakdown of fatty acids because of insulin deficiency , use by liver in excess causes keto acids (can't get glucose for ATP sythesis, use fatty acids, acetyl coA builds up and this combines to form ketone bodies) Resulting acidosis (ketoacidosis) leads to electrolyte imbalance, can affect the brain and even cause death secondary complications: -small blood vessels in circulation, neuropathy -blindness -kidney failure -low blood flow to extremities |
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Pituitary Gland
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bony cavity at base of brain, below hypthalamus (connected by thin stalk)
larger anterior pituitary: -glandular epithelial tissue, connected to hypothalamus by blood vessels posterior pituitary -axon terminals whose cell bodies are located in hypothalamus |
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Anterior Pituitary
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7 hormones
human growth (hGH) thryoid-stimulating (TSH thyrotropin) adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) Follicle stimulating (FSH) leuteinizing (LH) prolactin (RPL) Melanocyte-stimulating |
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human growth hormone (hGH)
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cells to grow and multiply by facilitating entry of amino acids into cells and conversion into proteins
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Tyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone and growth of thyroid gland
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Andrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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stimulates cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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different functions in males and females
females- maturation of eggs with in ovarian follicles, secretion of estrogen by ovaries males-required for sperm production |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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stimulates ovulation and other sexual reproductive activities
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Prolactin (PRL)
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with other hormones, initiates and maintains milk production in mammary glands
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Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
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increases skin pigmentationq
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Tropic Hormones
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control the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands
4 are secreted by anterior pituitary |
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Four of Seven Anterior Pituitary Hormones are _______
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tropic
secretes 4 tropic hormones thyrotropin (synthesis/secretion of thryroxine) andrenocortiotropin (cortisol secretion) luteinizing hormone follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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What is the anterior pituitary gland controlled by?
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neurohormones produced by cells in hypothalamus
they are releasing and release0inhibiting hormone, transported through portal blood vessels to ant. pit. thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates throtropin release |
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Posterior Pituitary
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secretes two neurohormones
vasopressin (works on kidney, antidiuretic, adh) oxytocin (contraction, birthing) they are made in hypothalamus and released by post. pit. |
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ADH (antidiuretic)
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diuresis=hormone excretion
produce less urine with adh |
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control of hormone secretion
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hormone release in hypothalamus/pituitary/endocrine gland axis is controlled by feedback loops.
see figure in lecture 9 |
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Thryroid Gland
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below the larynx in front of trachea
produces THYROXINE and CALCITONIN thyrotropin (from the ant. pit.) stimulates secretion of thyroxine, which as four iodine atoms (T4) -T4 increases body's basal metabolic rate -stimulates amino acid uptake and protein synthesis -cold exposure stimulates T4 release Goiter: thyroid gland enlarges, decreases iodine or hyperthyroid cases this |
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Calcium Homeostasis
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regulated by calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (parahormone PTH)
calcitonin: produced by thyroid, lowers blood calcium levels, osteblasts make up bone PTH: produced by parathyroid glands, raises blood calcium level by osteoclasts |
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Parathyroid Gland
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posterior view of thyroid, has clusters of cells that are the parathyroid gland
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Adrenal Gland
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one above each kidney
outer cortex- 3 steroid hormones MINERALCORTICOIDS GLUCOCORTICOIDS SEX STEROIDS inner medulla- secretes catecholamines (epinerphrine and norepinephrine) -stimulate liver to supply glucose to blood, flight or flight |
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Mineralcorticoids
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from andrenal outer cortex
aldosterone- stimulates kidney to conserve sodium and to excrete potassium, increasing blood volume glucocorticoids- cortisol decreases glucose utilization by most cells, increasing blood glucose- important for adaptation to stress. |
