Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What do structures deep within the cerebral hemispheres and surrounding the hypothalamus control?
|
aspects of motivation, drives, emotions and memory
|
|
|
Limbic System: amygdala
|
receives sensory input from all the major senses
-especially smell outputs project to many parts of brain including basal ganglia and cortex stimulation of amygdala produces immediate increase in attentiveness -followed by strong emotion, especially fear destruction in animal produces decrease in aggression (tame animal) |
|
|
Limbic System: hippocampus
|
hippocampus and nearby cortical areas- critically important in short-term memory, especially the learning of facts
(as opposed to the acquiring of skills) destruction leaves patients unable to form new memories of facts or events -early memories are largely intact -learned skills are largely intact (piano, tennis) |
|
|
Long Term Potentiation (LTP) at spines of pyramidal cells in hippocampus
|
receptors are blocked by magnesium, even when glutamate binds it won't open unless you depolarize cell with enough activated AMPA receptors to drive Mg off.
Both AMPA (ligand gated) and NMDA are glutamate receptors |
|
|
Mechanisms of LTP
|
strong and repeated depolarization of presynaptic membrane releases glutamate
-opens AMPA-type receptors -produces strong depolarization of membrane of spine Depolarization of spine membrane potential relieves Mg 2+ inhibition of NMDA-type glutamate receptors Binding of glutamate to NMDA receptors causes opening -Ca 2+ enters spine Ca 2+ acts as second messenger to alter spine and produce long-term increases in efficacy of synaptic transmission if you stimulate a pathway enough/repetitively = long term potentiation (LTP) -causes learning so next time stimulus occurs you have a learned response |
|
|
Thalamus
|
sensory input from every major sensory system comes into thalamus
output from thalamus is to sensory areas of cortex These areas of cortex also send strong inputs back into thalamus this cortical input and input from reticular formation acts as gates to regulate the sensory input -some sensory input is allowed to enter cortex but other input is kept out |
|
|
Somatosensory
|
"coming from your body"
|
|
|
What are the four lobes of the cortex?
|
frontal
temporal parietal occipital |
|
|
motor cortex is directly connected to _____?
|
sensory areas
|
|
|
What is Wernicke's area near?
|
hearing and seeing area
|
|
|
What is Broca's area?
|
motor area
organzizing movements of tongue, throat, pharynx, lungs ect. Speech production |
|
|
Language area of the brain
|
Broca's area: speech
-a stroke in Broca's area results in difficulty speaking or even complete loss of speech -does not affect understanding of speech or others or reading Wernicke's area: comprehension -a stroke in Wernicke's area can speak but words are out of sequence and often meaningless -difficulty understanding spoken or written language Both areas usually on left side of brain only |
|
|
How do you speak a heard word?
|
1) hear
2) comprehension 3) organization of speech 4) motor to speak |
|
|
How do you speak a written word?
|
1) see it
2)comprehension (Wernicke's area) 3)Broca's area (organize speech) 4)motor to speak |
|
|
PET scanning (positron emission tomography)
|
Radioactive glucose emits a positron
-collides with electrons in the tissue to produce light (photons) light intensity indicates amount of glucose taken up and is an indicator of the activity in the tissue Glucose goes to cells that are active in brain, more action potentials |
|
|
Cells of the brain are using what kinds of receptors?
|
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Receptors
|
|
|
Excitatory and inhibitory synapses are on?
|
the dendrites or cells body
inhibition decreases the size of the excitatory synaptic response -reduces the probability of generation of an action potential |
|
|
The cGMP gated channels are open or closed in darkness?
|
open, because the cGMP is high in the dark
the closing of the channels causes the membrane potential of the photoreceptor to hyperpolarize and decreases the release of transmitter |
|
|
What types of cells have axons that go to the brain from the retina?
|
ganglion cells
photoreceptors act like TV camera (retina) and send signals to the brain (optic nerve) Takes info from 100 million photoreceptors and integrates it to just 100 places |
|
|
What are ganglions specific to?
|
location
tells the brain where the light is coming from |
|
|
Partial decussation
|
the left cortex gets info from the right visual field in both eyes
|
|
|
Binocular vision
|
info 1st goes tot eh thalamus and then up to the cortex
|
|
|
Where is blindness produced?
|
Area 17, the primary visual cortex
lose perception |
|
|
How do you record from a typical cell in the visual cortex?
|
stick electrode in visual cortex
stimulate a light in visual space and record response. +/- is excitatory vs. inhibition |
|
|
How much of the brain is used for vision?
|
1/4 to 1/3
|
|
|
T/F: There is a particular area of the brain that is specifically for recognizing faces?
|
True
it fires the "Face" cell in the inferotemporal cortex |
|
|
Corpus Callosum
|
major bundle of 300 million axons connecting right and left hemispheres of cortex
bundle has been split in some patients to prevent epileptic seizures from spreading "split brain" patients can be given tasks for only one side of the brain by presenting visual stimuli (including words) only to right or left visual field |
|
|
What do axons communicate between?
|
the two sides of the brain
|
|
|
Split Brain Patients
|
words flashed in left visual field cannot be read; those in the right can
if picture of object is flashed in left visual field, patient can use left hand to pick object up (though denies having seen it) in many patients some sorts of cognitive operations are more readily done in one hemisphere than in the other |
