Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does the spinal cord do?
|
mediates simple reflexes
coordinated movements involving more than one muscle receives info from descending tracts (pyramidal) from higher centers (cortex) sends info (touch, pain) to higher centers in ascending tracts (medial lemniscus) to brain stem, cerebellum, cortex |
|
|
Coordination of movement
|
information travels between segments to control many muscles
|
|
|
What is a syrinx
|
a huge cavity in the spinal cord extends all the way up to the brain
-can be caused by car crash |
|
|
Autonomic Nervous System
|
Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic Division |
|
|
Sympathetic DIvision of Autonomic Nervous System
|
-preganglionic fivers are cholinergic and terminate on sympathetic ganglia adjeacent to spinal cord and other nearby ganglia
-postganglionic fibers terminate on organs and are mostly noradrenergic (use norepinephrine) fight or flight -prepare for energy expenditure -increase heart rate and blood pressure -sends blood to muscles -decreases contraction of intestine |
|
|
Parasympathetic Division of Autonomic Nervous System
|
ganglia tend to be located closer to the target organs, preganglionic cholinergic (like sympathetic div)
fibers terminating on organs are mostly cholinergic (use acetylcholine) or peptidergic (use nueropeptides) prepare for energy conservation -decreases heart rate and blood pressure -sends blood throughout body (to gut) -increases intestinal contraction |
|
|
Medulla
|
inferior olivary nucleus
pyramid medial lemniscus |
|
|
Inferior Olivary Nucleus
|
receives inputs from brain and spinal cord, send outputs to cerebellum (climbing fibers)
part of medulla |
|
|
Pyramid
|
fibers of pyramidal tracts from cortex to spinal cord
in medulla |
|
|
Medial Lemniscus
|
principal ascending pathway from spinal cord for touch and pain
in medulla |
|
|
Pons
|
directly bellow cerebellum
descending and ascending tracts to cerebellum from spinal cord and to the spinal cord from cerebellum contains pontine nuclei and pontine tracts that assist in and coordinate massive flow of info from cortex to cerebellum (control of movement) |
|
|
Midbrain examples
|
superior colliculus
periqueductal gray substantia nigra cerebral peduncle |
|
|
superior colliculus
|
processes visual and auditory info for control of eye movements
midbrain |
|
|
periqueductal gray
|
control of pain
stimulation causes inhibition of pain so great that major surgery can be performed without an anaesthetic -can also reduce intractable pain midbrain |
|
|
substantia nigra
|
control of movement
many neurons of this nucleus contain dopamine -use as synaptic transmitter malfunction causes Parkinson's midbrain |
|
|
Cerebral Peduncle
|
contains major descending tracts from cerebellum to spinal cord (control of movement)
midbrain |
|
|
What does the reticular formation do?
|
major role: control levels of arousal and attention
ascending projections are very wide -spread and reach many areas of the brain including cortex sustained input from reticular formation is essential for the maintenance of consciousness -damage to these fibers can produce prolonged coma |
|
|
Cerebellum Inputs
|
from mossy fibers: come directly from spinal cord, vestibular system, cortex, through pontine nuclei in pons
mossy fibers synapse onto granule cells that from parallel fivers parallel fibers synapse onto purkinje cell dentrites inputs also from climbing fibers from inferior olivary nucleus in medulla. -synpase directly onto purkinje dendrites |
|
|
What to mossy fibers synapse to?
|
granule cells that form parallel fibers
|
|
|
what do parallel fibers synapse to?
|
Purkinje Cell dendrites
|
|
|
Cerebellum Outputs
|
entire output provided by Purkinje cells
some axons go to vestibular nuclei and from there directly to spinal cord most axons end in three clusters of cells = "deep cerebellular nuclei" axons of these cells project to many parts of the brain that are involved in control of movement |
|
|
Granule cell has close packings of unmyelinated axons. True or False?
|
True
these are the axons that synapse onto the purkinje cell dendrites |
|
|
What does the cerebellum do?
|
planning movements together with cortex, particularly those that improve with practice
adjusting movements as they are made control of posture control of eye movements motor learning, skilled movements and agility cognitive functions (still poorly understood) |
|
|
Basal Ganglia
|
principle basal ganglia are:
-cuadate nucleus -putamen -globus pallidus closely linked to function to the substantia nigra in midbrain function by modulating the flow of info to and from the cortex particularly important for the control of movement |
|
|
Diseases of Basal Ganglia
|
degenerate during aging
Huntington's disease: -hereditary degeneration producing involuntary movements and loss of cognition Parkinson's Disease: -degeneration in substantia nigra and associated with basal ganglia -causes tremor and lack of motor control |
