Ls 1 Midterm

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Cell

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basic structural and physiological unit of all living organisms

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Cell theory

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(1) cells are the basic structural and physiological units of all living organisms
(2) cells are both distinct entities and building blocks of more complex organisms
(3) All cells come from preexisting cells
(4) All cells are similar in chemical composition
(5) Most of the chemical reactions of life occur within cells
(6) Complete sets of genetic information are replicated and passed on during cell division

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unicellular

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consisting of a single cell that carries out all the functions of life, ex/archaea, bacteria, protists

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multicellular

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made up of a number of cells that are specialized for different functions, ex/plants and animals

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evolution

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Any gradual change. Organic or Darwinian evolution, often referred to as evolution, is any genetic and resulting phenotypic change in organisms from generation to generation

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natural selection

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the differential contribution of offspring to the next generation by various genetic types belonging to the same population; proposed by Charles Darwin

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mutation

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a detectable, heritable change in the genetic material not caused by recombination; source of variation

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internal environment

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the physical and chemical characteristics of the extracellular fluids of the body

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species

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a group of organisms that look alike (morphologically similar) and can breed successfully with one another

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adaptations

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structural, physiological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organism’s chances of survival and reproduction in its environment. Also, the evolutionary process that leads to the development or persistence of such a trait

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DNA

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the fundamental hereditary material of all living organisms; in eukaryotes, stores primarily in the cell nucleus; a nucleic acid using deoxyribose rather than ribose

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nucleotides

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basic chemical units in a nucleic acid; consists of four nitrogenous bases

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genes

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specific segment of DNA that contains information for making proteins

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proteins

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make up much of an organism’s structure and are the molecules that govern the chemical reactions within cells

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population

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a group of many organisms of the same species

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model systems

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biologists use model systems for research, knowing that they can extend their findings to other organisms and to humans

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genetically related

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species that share a common ancestor

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fossil record

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the preserved remains of organisms that lived in the distant past used to investigate the history of life; biased!

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membranes

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enclosure of complex biological molecules, 2nd critical step in the origin of life, kept them close together and increased the frequency with which they interacted

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3.8 billion years ago

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when the natural process of membrane formation resulted in the first cells with the ability to replicate themselves

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prokaryotes

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organisms whose genetic material is not contained within a nucleus: the bacteria and archaea; considered an earlier stage in the evolution of life than the eukaryotes

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metabolism

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the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on inside a cell

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photosynthesis

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the chemical reactions that transform the energy of sunlight into a form of energy that can power the synthesis of large biological molecules, evolution of photosynthesis occurred about 2.5 billion years ago

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organelles

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intracellular compartments found in or on eukaryotic cells

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nucleus

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an organelle that contains the cell's genetic information

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eukaryotes

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organisms made up of one or more complex cells in which the genetic material is contained in nuclei

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chloroplast

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the organelle specialized to conduct photosynthesis

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cellular specialization

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enabled multicellular eukaryotes to increase in size and become more efficient at gathering resources and adapting to specific environment

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speciation

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the process of splitting one population into 2 populations that are reproductively isolated from one another

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latinized names

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first name identifies species' genus, second is the name of the species

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binomial nomenclature

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2-part latin naming system: genus + species

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genus name

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1st name, group of species that share a common ancestor

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species name

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2nd name, name of species

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evolutionary tree

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shows the order in which populations split and eventually evolved into new species

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30 million species

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number of species of organisms that may exist on Earth today

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domains of life

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bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

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bacteria

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unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus, possessing distinctive ribosomes

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archaea

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unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus; posses distinctive membrane lipids

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eukarya

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possess internal compartment; 3 major groups: plants, animals, and fungi; evolved from protists

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protists

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unicellular microbial eukaryotes

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autotrophs

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organisms capable of photosynthesis (self-feeding)

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heterotrophs

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organisms that require a source of molecules synthesized by other organisms, which they then break down to obtain energy for their own metabolic processes (other-feeders)

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scientific method

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observations, questions, hypothesis, predictions, testing

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observations

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1st step

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questions

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2nd step

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predictions

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making predictions based on hypothesis; 4th step

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testing

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making additional observations or conducting experiments; 5th step

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inductive logic

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used to propose a tentative answer to the question

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deductive logic

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make predictions based on the hypothesis

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experiment

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test predictions/hypothesis

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comparative experiments

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predict that there will be a difference between the samples or groups based on hypothesis, test whether or not the predicted difference exists

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controlled experiments

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compare samples or groups, start the experiment with groups that are as similar as possible; predict on the basis of hypothesis that some variable plays a role in the phenomenon we are investigating; manipulate variable; test to see if manipulation created predicted difference between experimental and control groups

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independent variable

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variable that is manipulated in a controlled experiment

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dependent variable

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variable that is measured in a controlled experiment; depends on the independent

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null hypothesis

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the assertion that an effect proposed by its companion hypothesis does not in fact exist

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data

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quantified observations

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probability of error

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probability that the results can be explained by chance = 5% or lower

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testable hypothesis

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can be tested!

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reproducible and quantifiable observations

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can be repeated and quantified!