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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 3 components of the body are needed for urinary continence?
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1) Internal and external sphincters
2) Intact spinal cord L7-S3 3) Brain & cerebellum |
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What animals usually have a hypotonic urethra (sphincter incompetence)?
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Adult female spayed dogs
*Sphincter incompetence is most common cause of incontinence in dogs |
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What are 2 types of drugs that increase urethra tone?
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Alpha-adrenergic agonists (sympathetic causes constriction)
Reproductive hormones |
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What are 2 drugs that are alpha adrenergic agonists?
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1) Phenylpropanolamine
2) Phenylephrine |
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What is the mechanism of action of phenylpropanolamine?
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Direct stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors
Excellent results in > 85% of cases |
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Is phenylpropanolamine used in males or females?
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Both
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What is the problem with using phenylephrine to increase urethral tone?
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Effect is less predictable
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What are 5 adverse effects of alpha-adrenergic agonists?
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1) Anorexia
2) Weight loss 3) Hyperexcitability 4) Tachycardia 5) *Hypertension |
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What are 2 reproductive hormones used to increase urethral tone?
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1) Diethylstilbesterol
2) Testosterone |
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What is the mechanism of action of diethylstilbesterol? Success rate?
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Sensitization and up-regulation of alpha receptors
-Success rate 60-70% |
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What reproductive hormone is used to increase urethral tone in females? Males?
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Females -Diethylstilbesterol
Males-testosterone |
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What are 3 side effects of diethylstilbesterol?
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1) Alopecia
2) Signs of estrus 3) Bone marrow suppression |
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How is testosterone administered to increase urethral tone? Is it used very often?
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IM only
-Rarely used bc of side effects like increased male behavior-aggression, marking |
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What drug is used to treat a hypertonic urethra by decreasing smooth muscle tone?
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alpha-adrenergic antagonists
-Phenoxybenazamine |
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What is the mechanism of action of phenoxybenzamine?
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Irreversibly inactivates alpha-receptors --> decreases smooth muscle tone
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Why is phenoxybenzamine less predictable in cats?
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Because in cats striated muscle predominates the urethra and phenoxybenzamine decreases smooth muscle tone
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What are 3 side effects of phenoxybenzamine?
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1) Hypotension
2) Reflex tachycardia 3) GI upset |
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What drug can be used to treat a hypertonic urethra by decreasing striated muscle tone?
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Diazepam
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When do you give diazepam for a hypertonic urethra?
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Short acting, should give it 15-30 minutes before urinating
-Short term usage |
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What are 4 side effects of diazepam?
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1) Sedation
2) Weakness 3) Paradoxical excitement 4) Hepatotoxicity (cats) |
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What are 2 causes of a hypotonic bladder?
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1) Neurologic diseases
2) Overdistension of the bladder |
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What drugs are used to treat a hypotonic bladder?
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Cholinergic agent-bethanecol
-Unreliable, but only choice so worth a shot! |
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What should you start an animal on before putting them on a cholinergic agent for a hypotonic bladder?
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Give alpha-blockers first
-Full effect in 1-2 days |
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What are 5 side effects of bethanecol?
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1) Salivation
2) Defecation 3) Abdominal cramps 4) Vomiting 5) Diarrhea *Too much vago activation (parasympathetic) |
