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176 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two large superficial veins of the lower limb? |
The Greater and Lesser Saphenous veins *The great runs all the way down the inside leg and over the medial malleolus*
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Which superficial vein ascends anterior to the medial malleolus? |
The great saphenous vein ascends anterior to the medial malleolus |
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Which superficial vein ascends posteriorly to the lateral malleolus? |
The lesser saphenous vein ascends posteriorly to the lateral malleolus. |
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Which superficial vein empties into the femoral vein? |
Great saphenous vein |
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Where does the lesser saphenous vein empty? |
The lesser saphenous vein empties into the Popliteal vein |
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What type of veins is varicose veins most common in? |
Varicose veins are more common in the saphenous veins |
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What are the 3 major lymph node groups of the lower leg? |
Superficial inguinal Popliteal |
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Where does lymph from the lesser saphenous vein drain? |
Popliteal nodes |
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Where does lymph from the great saphenous vein drain? |
Superficial inguinal nodes |
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What is the dermatome supply to the median knee? |
L3 |
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What is the dermatome supply of the little toe? |
S1 |
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What is the dermatome supply of the big toe? |
L5 |
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What is the dermatome supply of the Y-front region? |
L1 |
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What type of joint is the hip joint? |
The hip joint is a ball and socket type synovial joint |
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Why is the hip joint more stable than the shoulder joint? |
Because the acetabulum of the hip joint is far deeper space for the femur to sit in. In the shoulder joint the glenoid fossa is much narrower. |
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What is the acetabulum labrum? |
Ring of cartilage surrounding the acetabulum of the hip |
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What part of the acetabulum cavity does it lie and what is its function? |
The labrum covers the articulating surface of the cavity, it increases the depth of the cavity thus providing stability to the joint. |
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What are the 3 main ligaments supporting the hip joint and what parts of the joint do they cover? |
Pubofemoral ligament - anterior surface Ischiofemoral ligament - posterior surface Illiofemoral ligament - superior surface - big and Y shaped |
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What hyper movements of the hip joint does the pubofemoral, ischiofemoral and illiofemoral ligaments act to prevent? |
Ischiofemoral - prevents hyperextension Illiofemoral - prevents hyperabduction Pubofemoral - prevents hyperflexion |
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Name all the movements permitted by the hip joint |
Flexion/Extension Abduction /Adduction Circumduction Lateral rotation /Medial rotation *ball and socket synovial type joint* |
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What is the difference between the illiacus and illiopsoas muscle? |
The illiacus is the broad flat muscle that covers the entire inner surface of the illiac bone. The illiopsoas is the a combination of the iliacus and the psoas major when they join at the around the point of the inguinal ligament. |
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What is the main flexor muscle of the hip joint? |
The illiopsoas is the major flexor of the hip joint. |
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What are the 3 major flexors of the hip joint (apart from the illiopsoas)? *clue it is the main muscles on the superior medial surface of the pelvic cavity* |
The illiacus The psoas major The pectineus *all flexors of the hip* |
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What is the nerve supply to the Pectineus and the illiacus? |
The femoral nerve |
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What are the 4 major extensor muscles of the hip? *clue - they all lie around the posterior surface of the upper thigh* |
Gluteus maximus Biceps femoris Semitendinous |
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What is the nerve supply of the hamstring muscles (hip extensors)? |
Tibial nerve |
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Which muscle is the main extensor of the hip? |
Gluteus maximus |
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What are the 3 main adductor of the hip muscles? |
3 adductors: Adductor lognus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus *all receive innervation from the obturator nerve* |
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Where in the leg does the adductor canal run from? |
It runs in the medial aspect of the leg From the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus of the adductor magnus. |
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What is the content of the adductor canal? |
It carries the femoral artery and vein + the saphenous nerve (branch of the femoral nerve) *it carries the structures from the anterior/medial thigh to the posterior leg* |
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What muscles make up the lateral, posterior and anterior borders of the adductor (subsartorial) canal? |
Anterior = Sartorius Posterior = Adductor longus and magnus Lateral = Vastus medialis |
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What are the 3 main abductors of the hip? *clue on the lateral posterior side of the thigh* |
Gluteus medius Gluteus minus Tensor fascia latte *all also internal hip rotators*
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What is the nerve supply of the main hip abductors - e.g gluteus medius and minus and tensor fasciea latte? |
All supplied by the Superior gluteal nerve |
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Injury to the superior gluteal nerve and thus the hip abductors causes what type of characteristic gait? |
Trendelenberg gait |
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What is the root value of the superior gluteal nerve? |
L1 - S4 *therefore if a patient cant abduct their hip after a back injury you know there is damage at the level of L1-S4* |
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What is the other term for external and internal rotation of the hip? *ie. which one is lateral and which one is medial* |
External rotation = Lateral rotation Interanal rotation = medial rotation |
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What 4 muscles are lateral (external) rotators of the hip? |
Piriformis Obturator internus Superior/inferior gemelli |
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What 3 muscles are medial (internal) rotators of the hip? |
Tensor fasciae latte Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus |
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What are the 3 compartments the thigh is divided into?
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Anterior - Quadriceps = Extensors of the knee, femoral nerve Posterior - Hamstrings = Flexors of the knee, tibial nerve Medial - Adductors = Adductors of the hip, obturator nerve |
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What is the action of the rectus femoris on the hip joint? |
Flexes the hip *extends the knee* |
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To which part of the tibia does the patellar ligament attach? |
The patella ligament attaches to the tibial tuberosity |
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What are the 3 actions of the sartorius muscle on the hip joint? Means tailor in latin - used because it is responsible for the movements you would need to sit cross legged like a tailor might |
Abduction Flexion External rotation *it crosses over from the lateral hip to the medial knee like a strap* *it also flexes and internally rotates the knee* *it is the longest muscle in the human body* |
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What is the nerve supply of the Sartorius muscle? |
Femoral nerve |
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What are the 6 major adductor muscles? *think of the medial thigh muscles* |
Adductor brevis, longus, magnus Gracillis Obturator externus Pectineus - only one not supplied by the obturator nerve |
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What foramen does the obturator nerve enter to supply the medial thigh muscles? |
The obturator foramen |
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The femoral artery is the main artery of the thigh - it a continuation of which artery? |
The femoral artery is a continuation of the external illiac artery. |
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At what point does the external illiac artery become the femoral artery? |
Illiac artery becomes the femoral when it crosses over the pubic crest and under the inguinal ligament From here it enters the femoral triangle |
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What surface features can be used to locate the femoral artery? |
Found midway between the pubic symphysis and the anterior superior illiac spine |
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What vein is the femoral vein a continuation of? |
The femoral vein is a continuation of the popliteal vein |
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What is the popliteal vein a continuation of? |
The popliteal vein is a continuation of the Fibular veins and posterior tibial veins |
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The femoral vein passes under the inguinal ligament to continue as which larger vein? |
Femoral vein becomes internal illiac vein |
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Going medially to laterally, what is the content of the femoral triangle? VAN |
Femoral vein Common femoral artery Femoral nerve |
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What muscles are supplied by the femoral nerve? |
Sartorius Pectineus Qudraceps - rectus femoris, vastus Illiacus |
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What muscle forms the base of the femoral triangle? |
Fibres of the illospsoas muscle and pectineus |
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What muscles form the medial and lateral boundries of the femoral triangle? |
Lateral boundary = Medial border of Sartorius Medial boundary = Medial border of Adductor longus |
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Use the acrroynm NAVY to remember the order of content of the femoral triangle? |
N - Nerve A - Artery V - Vein Y - Y fronts |
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What is the name of the large deep inguinal lymph node found with in the femoral canal? |
Cloquet node |
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As the femoral neurovascular structures leave the apex of the femoral triangle they begin to burrow beneath the musculature to create a tunnel, this is the adductor canal. Where does the adductor canal emerge? |
The adductor canal emerges at the base of the tendon of the adductor magnus.
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What are the anterior, lateral and posterior borders of the adductor (subsartorius) canal? |
Anterior = Sartorious
Posterior = Adductor longus and magnus |
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What are the two major nerves that emerge from the lumbar plexsus? |
The Obturator nerve and the Femoral nerve |
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What muscle does the lumbar plexus emerge through on the posterior abdominal wall? |
The lumbar plexus emerges through the Psoas major muscle on the posterior abdominal wall |
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Which nerve roots contribute to the lumbar plexus? |
T12 & L1-L4 |
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What is the root value of the femoral nerve? |
L2-4 |
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What is the root value of the obturator nerve from the lumbar plexus? |
L2 - L4 *you can tell which one it is because it passes through the obturator foramen* |
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What compartment of the thigh does the femoral nerve innervate? |
Anterior compartment |
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What compartment of the thigh does the obturator nerve innervate? |
Medial compartment |
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What are the actions of the gluteus maximus muscle? |
Extension of the hip Abduction of the hip |
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What nerve innervates the gluteus maximus muscle? |
Inferior gluteal nerve |
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What is the actions of the gluteus medius and minimus? |
They are abductors and medial rotators of the hip joint |
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What nerve innervates the gluteus medius and minimus? |
The superior gluteal nerve |
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What are the actions of the deep muscles of the guteal region on the hip joint? e.g Pirformis, obturator internus, quadratus femoris and Inferior/Superior gemmellus |
Stablisers of the hip joint and external rotators of the hip joint |
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What deep gluteal muscle does the sacral plexus lie anterioraly to? |
The sacral plexus lies anteriorally to the Piriformis It out the back, inferior to the piriformis |
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What are the 3 main branches of the sacral plexus? |
The inferior/superior gluteal nerve The sciatic nerve The pudendal nerve
The pudendal nerve stays in the pelvic region |
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What area of the leg does the sciatic nerve innervate? |
The sciatic nerve innervates the entire posterior compartment of the thigh. |
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What 3 muscles are supplied by the superior gluteal nerve? |
Tensor fascia latte Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus |
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What 1 muscles is supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve? |
Gluteus maximus |
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What nerve supplies the piriformis? |
Receives a direct supply from the sacral plexus |
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What is the nerve supply of the obturator externus? |
The obturator externus nerve |
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What is the action of the obturator externus muscle? |
Closes the obturator foramen externally |
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What is the action of the piriformis? |
External rotator of the lower limb *supplied by direct branch of the sacral plexus* |
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What is the main action of the deep gluteal muscles - the Gemmeles, piriformis and quadratus femoris? |
If you see the group of deep gluteal muscles - that arent the gluteus minimus or medius then they are External rotators of the hip |
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Where do all the hamstring muscles receive their innervation from and what is their action? |
Hamstring muscles receive innervation from the the Tibial nerve They flex the knee and extend the hip |
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What are the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve? |
Tibial nerve
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What are the main functions of the meniscus? |
Cushioning and Stability of the knee joint |
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Which meniscus is firmly adhered to the deep surface of the medial collateral ligament? |
The medial mensicus is firmly adhered to the medial collateral ligament |
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Give one action of the Sartorius on the hip joint? |
Flexion of the hip joint, abduction and external rotation |
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What innervates the Sartorius muscle? |
The femoral nerve |
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What is the action of the pectineus muscle on the hip? |
Adduction of the hip, medial rotation |
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Give one structure which passes through the Obtruator foramen? |
The obturator nerve |
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What is the main function of the medial and laterla meniscus? |
Shock absorber for the knee joint |
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What excessive hip movement does the illiofemoral ligament prevent? |
Prevents hyper extension |
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What muscle is the illiotibial tract an extension of? |
The illiotibial tract is an extension of the tensor fascia latte |
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What is the innervation of the tensor fascia latte? |
Superior gluteal nerve (just think the other hip abductors next to it are the gluteus medius - which is also supplied by the superior gluteal nerve) |
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Identify the ischial tuberosity |
Identify on 3D |
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Identify the ischial spine |
Identify - appears like a bony outgrowth above the ischial tuberosity |
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Identify the ischial ramus |
Identify |
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Identify the superior pubic ramus |
Identify |
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What is the action of the Biceps femoris on the hip joint? |
Extends the hip joint |
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What is the nerve supply to the biceps femoris? |
Tibial nerve |
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What is the innervation of the gluteal medius? |
Gluteal nerve |
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What is the segmental root value of the femoral nerve? |
L2,3,4 |
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What are the 2 main branches of the lumbar plexus? *think - lumbar round the front - sacral round the back* |
Femoral nerve - L2,3,4 & Obturator nerve - L2,3,4 |
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What nerve is responsible for purely cutaneous supply round the back of the thigh? |
The sural nerve
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What compartments of the lower leg are supplied by the Superficial and Deep fibular nerve? |
The anterior compartment - supplied by the deep femoral nerve
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What nerve supplies the posterior compartment of the leg? |
The posterior compartment is supplied by the tibial nerve |
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What compartment of the leg is supplied by the deep fibular nerve? |
The anterior leg compartment is supplied by the deep fibular nerve Dorsiflexion |
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What 4 anterior leg muscles are supplied by the deep fibular nerve? |
The 4 anterior leg compartment muscles are; The Tibialis anterior The extensor digitorum longus |
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What leg compartment is supplied by the superficial fibular nerve and what are the muscles in this compartment? |
Lateral compartment Thus Fibularis longus and brevis are both supplied by the superficial fibular nerve |
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What are the two branches of the sciatic nerve? |
The tibial nerve & The fibular nerve |
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What are the 2 branches of the popliteal artery? |
Two branches of the popliteal artery - The anterior tibial artery & The posterior tibial artery Anterior tibial = Supplies anterior compartment
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What is the name of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg, what is there action and what is there innervation? |
Fibularis longus and Brevis Innervated by Superficial Tibial nerve
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What is the name of the ankle joint? |
The talocrural joint (formed by the tibia, fibular and talus bones) |
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What are possible movements at the ankle joint? |
Hinge joint so only Dorsifelxion and Plantar flexion |
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What is the mnemonic used to remember the bones of the foot? |
The Circus Needs More Interesting Little Clowns Talus Navicular Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Cuboid |
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Identify the deltoid ligament of the ankle - you dont need to state the individual parts, just say "deltoid in a question" |
Fan ligament that spans across the whole medial aspect |
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On the other side of the ankle - lateral aspect what is the name of the 3 ligaments, Think about what bones they connect |
Posterior tibiofibular ligament Anterior tibiofibular ligament Latera talocalcaneo ligament |
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What type of joint is the subtalar joint? aka the talocalcaneo joint |
Synovial plane joint |
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What actions does the subtalar joint allow? |
Inversion and eversion (plays no role in dorsi flexion and plantar felxion) |
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During which movement of the subtalar joint are ankle sprains more common? |
During Inversion (foot rolling onto lateral side) |
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What muscles are responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot?
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Think anterior compartment: Anterior tibialis Flexor hallicus longus
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What muscles are responsible plantar felxion of the foot? What is their innervation? |
Think posterior compartment: Gastrocnemius (calfs) - latin for stomach Soleous - looks like sole fish Posterior tibialis
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What type of joint is the proximal (superior) Tibio-fibular joint? |
Synovial plane joint |
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What type of joint is the distal Tibio-fibular joint? |
Fiberous joint |
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What muscles form the 4 diamond walls of the popliteal fossa? |
Superior lateral = Biceps femoris Superior medial = Semimembrenous Inferior lateral = Lateral head of the gastrocnemius Inferior medial = Medial head of the gastrocnemeus |
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What is the action and innervation of the small, thin muscle that runs from the popliteal fossa all the way down to the achilles tendon?
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The Plantaris: Dorsi felxes the foot & Flexes the Knee innervation = Tibial nerve |
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The deep muscles of the posterior leg gather behind the posterior aspect of the medial malleolus - these muscles are called the gate way to the soul.
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Tom Dick And a Very Nervous Harry T - Tibialis posterior D - flexor Digitorum longus A - posterior tibial Artery V - posterior tibial Vein N - tibial Nerve H - flexor Hallicus longus |
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What is the muscle that lies on the dorsal surface of the foot and sits on top of the little toe all by itself? |
Fibularis Tertius |
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What is the name of the muscle that lies on the plantar side of the foot which also just sits on the little toe? |
Abductor Digiti Minimi |
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What is the name of the medial and lateral nerves veins and arteries that lie on the plantar surface of the foot? |
The medial and lateral plantar nerves
*all terminal branches of the Tibial nerve and the Posterior Vein/Artery* |
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What is the action of the plantar interossie and dorsal interossie muscles on the toes? |
The plantar interossie - Adduct the toes The dorsal interossie - Abduct the toes |
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What is the name of the deep plantar muscle that spans across the base of the toes and big toe laterally? |
The adductor hallicus transverse head |
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What is the name of the short fat deep plantar muscle that claw in at the base of the big toe? |
The flexor hallicus brevis |
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What are the 3 fascia/ligaments that maintain the integrity of the foot arches? |
The plantar fascia The long plantar ligament |
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What is the name for flat feet? |
Pes planus |
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Give one action of the extensor hallicus longus? |
Dorsiflexes the big toe Dorsi flexes the foot |
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Give the actions of the popliteus |
Flexes the knee
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What is the innervation of the gastrocnemius muscle? |
The tibial nerve |
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What is the action of the fibularis longus? |
Everts the foot + |
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What type of joint is the distal Tibio-fibular joint? |
Fiberous joint |
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Identify the Navicular bone |
Lies between the medial cuneiform and the Talus on the medial side of the foot |
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What type of joint is the ankle joint? |
Synovial hinge joint |
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Identify the long saphenous vein on cadaver |
Runs all the way from the big toe and passes anteriorly to the medial malleolus on the way. Drains into the femoral vein |
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Which major vessel of the leg does the short saphenous vein drain into? |
Drains into the popliteal vein |
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What is the action of the tibialis posterior muscle? |
Plantar felxes the ankle Inverts the foot |
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What dermatome supplies the dorsum little toe of the foot? |
S1 *learn all the dermatomes of the foot* |
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Where does the intermediate Cunieform bone lie on the foot? |
In between the medial and lateral cuneifrom bones of the foot |
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What is the innervation of the extensor hallicus brevis? |
Just think anterior aspect of leg.
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What type of joint is found at the MCP joint? |
Condyloid/Ellipsoid joint |
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What are the actions of the gluteus medius muscle? |
Abduction of the hip Medial rotation |
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What is the difference between the rotation on the hip between the deep gluteal muscles and the gluteus medius/maximus? |
The gluteus medius/maximus internally rotate the hip The gemmelus, piriformis and quadratus femoris Externally rotate the hip Think of it like higher go internal Lower go external |
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What is the main action of the piriformis muscle? |
External rotation of the hip |
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What is the innervation of the adductus longus muscle? |
Obturator nerve |
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What is the action of the biceps femoris on the hip joint? |
Extends the hip joint |
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What is the innervation of the fibularis longus? |
The superficial fibular nerve |
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What nerve innervates the Qudratus plantea? |
Lateral plantar nerve |
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What nerve innervates the flexor digitorum longus? |
Tibial nerve |
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What are the two terminal branches of the popliteal artery? |
The posterior tibial artery and the fibular artery |
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Identify the radial artery on a vengogram |
google venogram |
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What type of bone is this on x-ray = picture of patella bone |
Sesamoid bone |
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Identify the lunate bone on x-ray |
find pic |
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Identify the scaphoid bone on x ray |
find pic |
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Identify the suprasinatous and subscapularis muscles on MRI |
find pic |
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Identify hyaline cartilage on histology |
find pic |
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What sites in the body could hyaline cartilage form? |
Nasal septum Articular cartilage Sternum of ribs |
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Identify compact bone and trabucular bone |
find pic |
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Identify the coronoid fossa on bone |
find pic |
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Identify an axis vertebra |
find pic |
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Identify the dens and otontoid peg on vertebra |
Identify |
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Identify the femoral nerve |
Identify |
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What spinal segments carries sensations from areas A &B? Root value L5 and L2 |
Find where they supply on dermatome map |
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Identify the short head of the biceps brachii |
identify |
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What are the root values of the musculocutaneous nerve? |
C5.6.7 |
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Identify the median nerve labled at the wrist |
Identify on cadaver |
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Identify the lumbircals on the palmar surface of the hand |
identify |
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What is the action of the teres major? |
Adduction an medial rotation of the shoulder |
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What is the innervation of the teres minor? |
Auxillary nerve |
