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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Achilles tendon
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Attached to calcaneous by two smaller processes ( lateral and medial) . Largest tendon. Connects muscle from calf down to posterior tuberosity
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Subtalar joint (Calcaneal joint)
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The joint connecting the calcaneous and talus superiorly. Includes the Talus Calcaneus and 3 facets
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Facet
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3 facets connecting with talus and subtalar joint Posterior, Middle and Anterior facets |
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Sinus
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Referring to the opening in the Subtler joint called the Sinus Tarsi
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Gout
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A form of Arthritis that may be hereditary in which uric acid appears in excessive quantities In the blood and may be deposited in the joints or other tissues. Common in men 1st IP joint
Radiographically appears as Uric acid deposits in joint spaces |
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Joint effusions
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Occur as accumulated fluid ( synovial or hemmorhagic) in the joint cavity. These are signs of underlying conditions...fractures , dislocations, soft tissue damage.
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Osgood Schlatter Disease
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Inflammation of the bone and cartilage of the anterior proximal tibia common in boys aged 10-15. Lateral knee x-ray shows this
Appears radiographically as Fragmentation or detachment of the tibial tuberosity |
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Osteomalacia
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Bone softening (Ricketts) Lack of Vit D
Appears radiographically as Decreased bone density and bowing deformities of weight-bearing limbs |
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Pagets Disease
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Most common skeleton disease "cotton wool" appearance disrupts new bone growth.Inability to grow new bone. Also known as osteitis deformens
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Severs Disease
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Common heel injury with kids due to inflammation of growth plate in heel Ages 10-13 normally . Fixed by temporarily stopping the activity causing the pain.
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March fracture
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Stress fracture of metatarsals usually distal third portion reccurent stress
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Plantar fascites
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Inflammation of thick band of tissue that connects heel bone to toes
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Bunion
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A bony bump that forms on the joint at the base of the big toe( hereditary)
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Fallen arches
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When entire sole of foot touches floor when standing
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Hammer toes
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Condition where toe has abnormal bend in middle joint. Normally in DIP and PIP joints
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Heel spur
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Calcium deposit causing bony protrusion on underside of heel bone. Shown in Calcaneus projection.
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Torn meniscus (medial or lateral)
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Common injury in which forceful twisting causes tissue tearing. (Shock absorber )
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Torn ligaments (ACL or PCL)
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Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament Found in knee Connect femur or thigh bone with tibia |
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The articulation between the talus and the tibia is referred to as what? |
Tibiotalor joint |
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In the AP oblique ankle projection which joints are open? |
*Open Tib/fib joint *Open Lateral aspect of fibulotalor joint |
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In the AP oblique ankle projection which joints are closed? |
Tibiotalor joint on medial aspect closed |
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In an AP Oblique ankle projection where is the Central ray ? |
Between the lateral and medial malleoli |
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For the ankle projections what should patients do to maintain open joint space? |
Dorsiflexion |
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If a patient is doing plantar flexion with their foot what will happen to joint spaces. |
It will close joint spaces |
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In an AP oblique Ankle projection why do we rotate the part 45 degrees medially? |
So we can visualize the distal tip/fib joint . |
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When we perform AP oblique ankle projections we ask the patient to dorsiflex their foot . What joint are we specifically trying to visualize? |
Talotibial joint |
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The navicular articulates with 4 bones. What are they? |
*Posteriorly with the Talus *and anteriorly with the 3 cuneiforms |
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Where is the navicular located on the foot? |
On the medial side of the foot between the Talus and the 3 cuneiforms |
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Where are the 3 cuneiforms located on the foot? |
On the medial and mid aspects of the foot between the first 3 metatarsals distally and the navicular proximally. |
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Which of the 3 cuneiforms is the largest? |
The medial cuneiform |
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Which of the 3 cuneiforms is the smallest? |
The intermediate cuneiform |
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The medial cuneiform articulates with four bones what are they and where are they located anatomically? |
*Navicular -proximally *The first and second metatarsals -distally * Intermediate Cuneiform -laterally |
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The intermediate cuneiform articulates with 4 bones . What are they and where are they located anatomically? |
*Navicular -proximally *The second metatarsal -distally *the medial and lateral cuneiforms- on either side |
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The lateral cuneiform articulates with 6 bones . What are they and where are they located anatomically? |
*Navicular-proximally *2nd, 3rd and 4th metatarsal -distally *Intermediate cuneiform-medially *Cuboid-laterally |
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Where is the cuboid located on the foot ? |
On the lateral aspect of the foot, distal to the calcaneus and proximal to the 4th and 5th metatarsals |
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What are two differences in the phalanges of the foot as compared with the phalanges of the hand? |
The phalanges of the foot are : 1. smaller 2. movements are more limited |
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How many bones are located in each foot? |
26 total *14 phalanges *5 metatarsals *7 tarsals |
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Which tuberosity of the foot is palpable and a common site for foot trauma |
The base of the 5th metatarsal called the lateral tuberosity. |
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Where are the sesamoid bones of the foot commonly located ? |
On the medial(tibia) and lateral(fibula) aspects of the plantar surface at the 1st MTP joint of the BIG TOE. |
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How do the sesamoid bones of the big toe help? |
With balance |
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What is the largest and strongest bone of the tarsals? |
Calcaneus |
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What is the name of the joint found between the talus and calcaneus? |
Subtalor joint or talocalcaneal joint |
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Within the subtalor joint are 3 articular facets, name them... |
*Anterior, Posterior, Middle |
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Within the center of the subtalor joint there is a small opening or space called what? |
Sinus Tarsi |
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What is the second largest tarsal bone and is the most superior? |
Talus |
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Which tarsal is a common site for bone spurs? |
The calcaneus |
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In the AP oblique projection of the foot which bones are best demonstrated? |
1)Sinus tarsi 2)base of the 5th metatarsal 3)Cuboid 4)lateral cuneiform |
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List 2 arches of the foot |
Longitudinal and Transverse |
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Which 3 bones make up the ankle joint? |
Talus, Tibia and Fibula |
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The 3 bones of the ankle form a deep socket into which the talus fits . This socket is called ? |
The Mortisse |
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The lateral malleolus is approximately ( ) to the medial malleolus |
1/2 inch posterior |
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The distal tibial joint surface forming the roof "ceiling"of the distal ankle joint is called the ? |
Tibial plafond |
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The ankle joint is classified as a synovial joint with ( )type movement |
Sellar (flexion and extension) in this case dorsiflexion and plantarflexion |
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Between the proximal and distal phalanges of the first digit of the foot is what joint? |
The Interphalangeal joint |
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Digits 2-5 on the foot contain 2 joints called |
DIP and PIP joints |
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Each joint at the head of the metatarsal are called? |
Metatarsophalangeal joint or MTP's |
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Each joint at the base of the metatarsals are termed what? |
tarsometatarsal TMT's |
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On AP and AP oblique projections of the foot where is the central ray located? |
At the base of the 3rd metatarsal or the TMT joint |
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Of the 7 tarsal bones only one of them is directly related to the ankle joint which one is it? |
The talus |
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The most posterior-inferior part of the calcaneus contains a process called what? |
Tuberosity *common for heel spurs, painful upon weight bearing |
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The expanded distal end of the slender fibula which extends down past the talus is called what? |
Lateral malleolus
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The medial elongated process of the distal tibia that extends down alongside the medial talus is called the?
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Medial malleolus
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A 15 degree internally rotated AP Oblique Ankle projection is called what?
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Mortise position
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Why is the entire 3 part joint space called the Mortise , not visually seen on a true AP projection?
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Because of overlapping portions of the distal fibula and tibia by the talus.The distal fibula sits more posterior
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A properly positioned Mortise projection should have?
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Evenly opened space over the entire talor surface
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A true lateral projection of the ankle would require what of the tib/fib?
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THe lateral malleolus to be 1/2 inch posterior to the medial malleolus
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what is the name of the expanded process at the distal anterior and lateral tibia that has been shown to articulate with the superolateral talus, while partially overlapping the fibula anteriorly. |
Anterior tubercle
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On the lateral aspect of the talus and Mortise joint near the lateral malleolus is what articulation of joint?
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Fibulotalor joint articulation
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What 3 joints make up the Mortise joint space? |
Tibiotalor joint, Superior Tibiotalor joint and the fibiotalorjoint |
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Where is the fibula positioned in a True Lateral Ankle position? |
Distal fibula over posterior half of tibia on a true lateral |
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What are the 4 major joints/ligaments of knee/femur? |
Posterior cruciate Anterior cruciate Fibular collateral Tibial collateral |
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What is the Evaluation Criteria for (AP Mortise Ankle) |
Entire ankle mortiseopen Distal ⅓ of tibia andfibula demonstrated Proximal ½ ofmetatarsals included Optimal exposurefactors |
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What is the Evaluation Criteria for (45° Oblique Ankle) |
Distal tibiofibularjoint open Distal ⅓ of tibia andfibula demonstrated Proximal ½ ofmetatarsals included Optimal exposurefactors |
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What is theEvaluation Criteria for True Lateral Ankle Projection? |
Entire talus andcalcaneus visualized Lateral malleolussuperimposed over posterior half of tibia Optimal exposurefactors |
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What two Projections are taken for Stress of the foot? |
Eversion Inversion for ligament injuries Normally done in Orthopedic offices and MRI nowadays |
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What is the Evaluation Criteria for (AP Stress Ankle)? |
Distal aspect of tibiaand fibula demonstrated Ankle joint to centerof collimation field Optimal exposurefactors |
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What is the Evaluation Criteria for the (AP leg) projection? |
Entire tibia and fibulademonstrated Knee and anklejoints demonstrated Partialsuperimposition of fibula and tibia at proximal and distal ends Optimal exposurefactors |
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What is the Evaluation Criteria for the (Lateral Leg) |
Entire tibia and fibulademonstrated Knee and ankle jointsdemonstrated Proximal head of fibulasuperimposed by tibia Distal fibulasuperimposed over posterior half of tibia Optimal exposurefactors |
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What is the Evaluation Criteria for the (AP Knee)? |
Femorotibial jointspace open Knee joint centeredto collimation field Articular facetsprofiled Optimal exposurefactors |
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What is the Evaluation Criteria for the (Oblique Knee)? |
Proximal tibiofibularjoint open Fibulasuperimposed over mid tibia Optimal exposurefactors Medial oblique Lateral oblique |
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What is the Evaluation Criteria for the (Lateral Knee)? |
Femoral condylessuperimposed Patella in profile(indicates no rotation) Patellofemoral jointspace open Optimal exposurefactors |
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What is a Chondrosarcoma? |
Malignant tumor of the cartilage |
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What is Exostosis? |
Benign, neoplastic bone lesion caused by the overproduction of bone at the joint |
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What is Osteoid osteoma? |
Benign bone lesion usually developing in teens or young adults. Appears radiographically as small, round/oval density with lucent center |
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What is Ewing's sarcoma? |
Most prevalent primary bone malignancy in pediatric patients Appears radiographically as Ill-defined area of bone destruction with surrounding "onion peel" |
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What is a Bone Cyst? |
Benign, neoplastic bone lesion filled with clear fluid. Appears radiographically as a well-circumscribed lucency |
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What is a Lisfranc joint injury? |
Injury to a large ligament located between the bases of the first and second metatarsal |
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Whats Reiter's syndrome? |
Condition affecting the sacroiliac joints and lower limbs of young men, especially the posterosuperior margin of the calcaneus. Radiographically appears as Asymmetric erosions of joint spaces with calcaneal erosions |
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What is the formal name for "runner's knee"? |
Chondromalacia patellae |
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How does Osteoarthritis appear radiographically? |
Narrowed, irregular joint surfaces with sclerotic articular surfaces |
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Why is the central ray angled 10-15 degrees toward the calcaneus for AP projection of the toes? |
it opens the IP and MTP joint |
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If a foreign body is lodged in the plantar surface of the foot, what type of central ray angle should be used for the AP projection? |
None. Use a perpendicular central ray |
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Rotation can be determined on a radiograph of an AP foot projection by the near equal-distance between the ..... |
2-5 metatarsals |
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Which oblique projection of the foot best demonstrates the majority of the tarsal bones? |
AP oblique with medial rotation |
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Which oblique projection of the foot best demonstrates the navicular and the first and second cuneiforms with minimal superimposition? |
Lateral oblique |
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Which projection will place the foot into a true lateral position? |
Lateral-medial |
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Which type of study should be performed to best evaluate the status of the longitudinal arches of the foot? |
Weight bearing |
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How should the central ray be angled from the long axis of the foot for the plantar dorsal axial projection of the calcaneus? |
40 degrees toward the long axis of the leg |
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Which calcaneal structure should appear medially on a well -positioned plantodorsal axial projection? |
The sustentaculum tali |
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Where is the CR located for a mediolateral projection of the calcaneus? |
1 inch below medial malleolus |
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Which joint surface of the ankle is NOT typically visualized with a correctly positioned AP projection of the ankle? |
Lateral surface of the joint -joint closed because fibula is more posterior |
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How much if any should the foot and ankle be rotated for an AP mortise projection of the ankle |
15-20 degrees intermalleoli plane |
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Which projection of the ankle best demonstrates a possible fracture of the lateral malleolus |
AP Oblique 45 degrees trauma |
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With a true lateral projection of the ankle , the lateral malleolus is.... |
Projected over the posterior aspect of the distal tibia |
