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236 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Four bones making up the Pelvis
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2 Pelvis/Hip bones = os coxae
1 sacrum 1 coccyx |
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Function of the pelvis:
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contain and protect pelvis organs;
aid in locomotion via force transfer |
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What makes up the Pelvic Girdle?
Pelvis Girdle Function: |
2 Pelvic bones
attach lower limb to trunk |
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Sacrum: in what direction is the primary curvature of the spinal column formed?
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same direction as fetal curvature
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How many vertebrae make up the Sacrum?
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5 fused into wedge shaped bone
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Which bone is recognized by its distinctive shape?
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Sacrum
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Which bone can be used to determine gender?
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Sacrum
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The base of the sacrum is narrower and length is longer, and there is a greater curvature.
Male or Female? |
Male
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The Base of the Sacrum:
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superior end; articulates with L-5
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The Apex of the sacrum:
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inferior end; articulates with Coccyx
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Describe the Coccyx:
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4 vertebrae fused into 2 or 3 segments
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How many transverse ridges are there on the Sacrum?
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four
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Fusion of the vertebral bodies and the last area to complete ossification:
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Transverse ridges of the Sacrum
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Holes at the anterolateral sacral canal that allow the passage of the ventral sacral rami S-1 through S-4
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Anterior Sacral Foramina (4 pair)
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The anterior superior edge of S-1 vertebrae that projects in anteroinferior direction
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Sacral Promontory
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Lateral expansions from the base where transverse processes of S-1 vertebrae fuse with L-5 vertebrae
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Sacral Alae
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The unfused superior articular processes of S-1
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Superior Articular Processes
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True or False: there are no true features from the anterior surface of coccyx
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true
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The spinal canal of the sacrum for passage of Cauda Equina
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Sacral Canal
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What passes through the Sacral Canal?
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Cauda Equina
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The midline projection from the sacrum including the fused spinous processes of S-1 through S-4
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Median Sacral Crest
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The inferior opening of the sacral canal formed by the lamina and spinous processes from S-5 that do not fuse
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Sacral Hiatus
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What passes through the sacral hiatus
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meniges and spinal nerves
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Where does the Filum Terminale attach
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Sacral Hiatus
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Small projections at the lateral margins of sacral hiatus formed by ligamentous attachments
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Sacral Cornu
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What passes through the Posterior Sacral Foramina
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dorsal rami of S-1 through S-4
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What do the dorsal rami of S-1 through S-4 pass through?
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Posterior sacral foramina
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The projection at the medial edge of the dorsal sacral foramina that is lateral to the median sacral crest and formed by the fusion of the superior and inferior articular processes
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Intermediate Sacral Crest
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The depressed area between median and intermediates Sacral Crests formed by the fusion of laminae S-1 through S-4
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Sacral Groove
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The projection lateral to the dorsal sacral foramina formed by the fusion of the transverse processes
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Lateral Sacral Crest
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The superior articular process of Co-1 vertebrae that articulates with the Sacral Cornu via ligamentous attachment
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Coccygeal Cornu
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The two parts of the Lateral Surface of the Sacrum
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Auricular Surface and the Sacral Surface
(can be used for age determination) |
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The smooth anterior part of the lateral surface of sacrum that articulates with the pelvic bone to form the sacroilliac joint
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Auricular surface
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Describe the sacroilliac (synovial) joint formed by the auricular surface
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synovial
planar functional diarthrosis |
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The auricular surface and sacral tuberosity are good for predicting the age of a skeleton, but what is better?
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Innominate bone is best for determining age
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The rough posterior part of the lateral surface where ligaments attach at the sacroiliac joint
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Sacral Tuberosity
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How many primary centers of ossification are there?
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17
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How many secondary centers of ossification are there?
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28
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They are all present at birth, and there is one in each vertebral body, lamina, and lateral mass.
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Primary ossification centers
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Where can we find primary ossification centers in the vertebrae of the sacrum?
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One in each vertebral body
One in each lamina (vertebral arches forming sacral canal) One in each segment of the lateral masses (costal elements) |
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Where can we find Secondary centers of ossification?
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Tips of the spinous processes
Tips of transverse processes Epiphyseal rings (the upper and lower surfaces of the bodies) Epiphyseal Plates on the lateral surface |
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When do secondary Centers of Ossification appear?
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between puberty and 18 (or 20) years
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When do we see the fusion of secondary ossification centers?
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by age 25
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The secondary ossification center of which area fuses latest of all (possibly not until age 40)?
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transverse ridges are the last to fuse
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Give two more names for the pelvic bone
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os coxa
innominate bone |
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How many bones make up the os coxa?
Name them. |
3
Ilium, Ischium, Pubis |
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The large superior portion of the Pelvic bone
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Ilium
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The two regions that make up the ilium
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Iliac body
Iliac ala |
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The two regions that make up the iliac
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ischial body
ischial ramus |
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The smooth area of the ischial ramus
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posterior surface
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The rough area of the ischial ramus where there is soft tissue attachment
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anterior surface
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The three parts making up the Pubis
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Pubic body
Superior pubic ramus Inferior pubic ramus |
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How many pelvic bones are there?
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2
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The regions that are refereed to as the Conjoined ramus or Ischiopubic ramus
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inferior pubic ramus
ischial ramus |
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True or False: One cannot distinguish between bones of the Pelvis once they are fused
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true
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Known to patients as the hip bone
Can be palpated across its entire surface |
iliac crest
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A reference point to measure limb length
Can be palpated Ligaments and muscle attach here |
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
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Difficult to Palpate
Lies beneath skin dimple at lower back Ligaments and muscle attach here |
Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)
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Can be palpated depending on weight
Inferior to the ASIS |
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
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Small projection inferior to the PSIS
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Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)
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Flattened internal surface of the ala of the ilium where a muscle attaches
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Iliac Fossa
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Rough internal surface of the ilium where a ligament attaches
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Iliac tuberosity (posterior to the iliac fossa)
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The concavity that is closed by the sacrospinous ligament
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Greater Sciatic Notch
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The Piformis muscle along with neurovascular structures passes through what?
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Greater sciatic notch
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The Greater sciatic notch measures between 40-60 degrees (V-shaped). Male or Female?
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male
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The Greater sciatic notch measures between 70 and 90 degrees (L-shaped). Male or female?
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female
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The large blunt, weight bearing projection on ischium
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Ischial tuberosity
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When a patient is "saddle sore" what is the suspected problem area?
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Ischial tuberosity
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The concavity closed by the sacrotuberous ligament
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Lesser sciatic notch
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What structure does the obturator internus muscle and neurovascular structures pass through?
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Lesser sciatic notch
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What structures make up the obturator foramen?
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ischial ramus
ischial body pubic body pubic rami |
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The small roughened edge at the anterior of pubis that extends from the symphyseal surface to pubic tubercle
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pubic crest
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separates the iliac body and iliac ala
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arcuate line
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the border between the pectineal and pelvic surfaces of pubis
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pectineal line of the pubis
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junction of the iliac body and the superior pubic ramus
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iliopectineal or iliopubic eminiece
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Describe the iliopubic eminence of a male and female
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Female: narrow and gracile
Male: wide and robust (as viewed from above) |
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A structure that is closed by the obturator membrane to form the obturator canal
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obturator groove
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The flat surface on the medial side of the pubic body that articulates with the symphyseal surface of the opposite pelvic bone at the pubic symphysis
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Symphyseal Surface
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True or False: The symphyseal surface is considered a primary cartilaginous joint
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False.
The symphyseal surface is considered a secondary cartilaginous joint |
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The prominence at the lateral lip of the iliac crest 1"-2" posterior to the anterior iliac spine where muscles and ligaments attach
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Iliac Tubercle
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The shortest marking line on the external iliac ala that separates muscle attachments
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Posterior Gluteal Line
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The longest and most distinct marking line on external iliac ala that separates muscle attachments
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Anterior Gluteal Line
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What structure can sometimes be seen continuing anteriorly to the Superior Iliac Spine
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Anterior gluteal line
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The least defined marking on the external iliac ala that separates muscle attachments
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Inferior gluteal line
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The large cup-like depression where three bones meet
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Acetabulum
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Structure that articulates with the femur at the hip joint
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Acetabulum
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Describe the joint located at the acetabulum
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Synovial spheroid joint
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The superior 40% of the acetabulum is formed by:
The posterior 40% of the acetabulum is formed by: The anterior 20% of the acetabulum is formed by: |
body of Ilium
body of Ischium superior Pubic ramus |
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The smooth, crescent shaped, synovial articular surface of the acetabulum that articulates with the femoral head
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Lunate surface
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The rough central depression of the acetabulum that is formed by the ischial body and allows for the passage of ligament and neurovascular structures
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Acetabular Fossa
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The depressed area of the acetabulum between the ends of the lunate surface that is formed mostly by the ischial body
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acetabular notch
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The artery that passes through the Acetabular Notch
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Artery to the head of the femur
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The ligament that closes the passage through the acetabular notch
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Transverse acetabular ligament
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The outer, raised edge of the acetabulum that serves as attachment of muscle and ligaments
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Acetabular rim
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The sharp border between pectineal and obturator surfaces of the pubis located at the anterior edge of he obturator groove
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Obturator crest
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Number of primary ossification centers of Pelvic Bone
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3 primary centers
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Number of secondary ossification centers of the Pelvic bone
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4 secondary centers
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The primary centers of the Pelvic Bone:
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ilium
ischium pubis |
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where is the primary ossification center found in the ilium and when does it appear
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iliac ala
9th Fetal Week |
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Where is the primary ossification center in the ischium and when does it appear
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ischial body
4th Fetal Month |
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Where is the primary ossification center in the Pubis and when does it appear?
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superior pubic ramus
4th Fetal Month |
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The secondary centers of ossification in the Pelvic Bone
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Iliac crest
acetabulum pubic symphysis ischial tuberosity anterior-inferior iliac spine |
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Age that secondary centers of ossification appear in the pelvic bone
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appear near puberty
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Age that secondary ossification centers in the pelvic bone fuse
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15-25 years
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After age 25, the pelvic structures that are best used to determine age
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auricular surface
iliac tuberosity pubic symphysis |
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The Anatomic position of the Pelvis
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the anterior superior iliac spines and pubic tubercles lie in the same coronal frontal plane
the pelvis appears to be tilted forward |
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T or F:
The inguinal ligament is in the frontal coronal plane (when in anatomical position) |
True
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The entrance to the true pelvis
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Brim of the Pelvis
or Pelvic Inlet |
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Structures that divide the pelvis into superior and inferior portions:
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Linea Terminalis
Imaginary lines (x2) |
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The continuos line of the lateral and anterior walls of the pelvis formed by four separate structures that align end to end
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Linea Terminalis
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The four structures that make up the linea terminalis
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arcuate line
iliopectineal line pectineal line/ pecten pubis pubic crest |
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The two imaginary lines of the Pelvis connect these strucutres
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connect arcuate lines
connect pubic crests |
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the pelvic area superior to the pelvic brim formed primarily by the iliac alae and linea terminalis
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Greater or False Pelvis
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The pelvic area inferior to the pelvic brim that is formed by the pubic bones, ischial bones, iliac bodies, sacrum, and coccyx
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Lesser or True Pelvis
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What structure separates the true and false pelvis's
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Pelvic Brim
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the inferior opening (exit) of the true pelvis
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Pelvic outlet
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the border between the pelvis and perineum
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Pelvic Outlet
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Describe the shape of the Pelvic outlet
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Male: heart shaped
Female: oval shaped |
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Describe the shape of the Subpubic arch
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Male: narrow, inverted V-shape
Female: wide, inverted U-shape |
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The four sexual dimporphisms
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Pelvic outlet
greater sciatic notch subpubic arch iliopectineal eminence |
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Describe the iliopectineal eminence in Male and Female
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Male: wide and robust
Female: narrow and gracile |
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The bone recognized by the angled head and trochanters
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femur bone
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largest bone in the body
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femur bone
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The proximal extremity of the femur is which end?
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superior end
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The smooth ball-like knob that articulates with the os coxa at the lunate surface of the acetabulum
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Head/Proximal epiphysis
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The depression on the head of the femur at the medial edge that serves for attachment of a ligament and passage of a vessel
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Fovea Capitis Femoris
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The cylindrical part connecting the head of the femur with the body/shaft
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Neck
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The structure that is most likely to be broken as one ages
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Neck of the Femur
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the large lateral bony projection at the junction of the neck and the shaft that can be palpated at the hip (lateral) and serves as the attachment for a ligament and muscle
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Greater trochanter
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small posteromedial projection at the junction of neck and shaft that serves for attachment of ligament and muscle
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Lesser Trochanter
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The ridge from the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter that serves as attachment of ligament and muscle
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intertrochanteric line
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The smooth cyndrilical area of the Femur Bone
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Diaphysis
or Shaft |
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The inferior end of the femur that is primarily smooth for articulation with the tibia at the knee joint
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Distal extremity
or Distal Epiphysis |
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the medial part of the epiphysis that can be palpated at the medial aspect of the knee joint
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Medial Condyle
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Medial Condyle is what kind of joint
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synovial bicondylar
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The process on the medial Condyl where the medial collateral ligament attaches
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Medial epicondyl
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What attaches to the Medial Epicondyl
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Medial collateral ligament
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The small sharp prominence on medial condyle surrounded by muscle (cannot be palpated) and serves as attachment for a muscle
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Adductor Tubercle
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the lateral part of the epiphysis that can be easily palpated at the lateral aspect of the knee joint
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lateral condyle
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the prominence at the lateral aspect of lateral condyle where the lateral collateral ligament attaches
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Lateral epicondyle
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What attaches to the lateral Epicondyle
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the lateral collateral ligament
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the smooth anterior surface of the condyles for articulation with the patella that can be palpated when the knee is flexed
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Patellar surface
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the structure on the medial surface of the greater trochanter where it meets the neck of the femur and is where the obturator externus muscle attaches
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Trochanteric fossa
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the structure on the medial surface of the greater trochanter where three different muscles attach
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unnamed fossa
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what muscles attach to the unnamed fossa
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superior gemellus muscle
inferior gemellus muscle obturator internus muscle |
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the ridge from the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter (posteriorly)
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intertrochanteric crest
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the small square-shaped projection midway along the intertrochanteric crest that serves as attachment for a muscle
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Quadrate tubercle
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a ridge on the shaft of the femur that consists of three lines that pass lengthwise along the entire posterior surface, and serves as attachment for a muscle
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linea aspera
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the medial edge of the linea aspera where a muscle attaches
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Medial Lip
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the superior continuation of the medial lip of the linea aspera that is continuous with the intertrochanteric line
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Spiral Line
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inferior continuation of the medial lip of the linea aspera that ends at the adductor tubercle
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medial supracondylar line
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What structures make up the Linea Aspera?
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Medial Lip
Intermediate Lip Lateral Lip |
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the superior continuation of the intermediate lip of the linea aspera that ends at the lesser trochanter
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Pectineal Line of the femur
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the lateral edge of the linea aspera where a muscle attaches
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Lateral lip
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the superior continuation of the lateral lip which has medial and lateral divisions
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Gluteal tuberosity
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When the Gluteal tuberosity is enlarged, it is called
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Gluteal Trochanter
or Third Trochanter |
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The Gluteal trochanter or Third trochanter is an enlargement of what structure?
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Gluteal Tuberosity
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The inferior continuation of the lateral lip of the linea aspera that ends at the lateral epicondyle
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Lateral supracondylar line
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the posterior inferior surface of the shaft of the femur
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popliteal surface
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a hole directed superiorly (angled away from the more rapidly growing end of bone) that is near the midpoint of the femur between medial and leteral lips of linea aspera and allows for passage of vessels to nourish the shaft of the bone
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Nutrient foramen
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T or F:
There can be more than one Nutrient foramen |
true
sometimes one proximal and one distal |
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teh large depression between the medial and lateral condylas of the distal extremity that provides attachment for the cruciate ligament
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intercondylar notch
or intercondylar fossa |
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What attaches at the intercondylar notch/fossa
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cruciate ligaments
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the superior edge of the intercondylar fossa where the oblique popliteal ligament attaches
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Intercondylar Line
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What attaches at the intercondylar line
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oblique popliteal ligament
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number of regular ossification centers of the femure
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five
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Age the secondary ossification centers appear in the femur
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16-20 years
earlier in women |
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Location of the primary ossification center of femur
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midshaft
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age of appearance of primary ossification center in femur
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7th Fetal Week
(intrauterine) |
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True or False:
In the Pelvis, the secondary ossification centers appear in reverse order of when they appear. |
False
This is true for the femur bone |
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The four secondary centers of ossification in the femur
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Femoral Condyles
The Head of the Femur The Greater Trochanter The Lesser Trochanter |
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the secondary ossification center is the last to fuse in the femur
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Femoral Condyles
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the secondary ossification center that is the first to fuse in the femur
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The Lesser Trochanter
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Age of appearance of secondary ossification center of femoral condyle
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near birth
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age of appearance of secondary ossification center of the head of the femur
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by 1st year
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age of appearance of secondary ossification center of the greater trochanter
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between 4th and 5th years
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age of appearance of the secondary center of ossification of the lesser trochanter
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between 12th and 14th years
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Anatomical position of the femur
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head and neck angled in anteromedial position and distal extremity is posotioned medially
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True or False:
Only humans and their fossil ancestors have a femoral bicondylar angle |
True
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Earliest evidence of bicondylar angle
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4.4 million years b.p.
australopithecus ramidus |
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avg. bicondylar angle in modern humans
|
9-10 degrees in frontal plane
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Ranges of bicondylar angles for:
men women fossil ancestors great apes |
men: 7.5-11
women: 8-13 Fossil Ancestors: 9-15 Great Apes: 0-2 |
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True or False:
The smaller the angle, the less efficient the bipedalism. |
True
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Who has the wider biconydlar angle: male or female
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Females, because they give birth
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angle formed by the long axis of the head with the long axis of the shaft
|
Angle of inclination
|
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Progression of angle of inclination
|
greater at birth (~150 degrees)
decreases with age (125-129 degrees) |
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True or False:
The greater the angle of inclination, the more joint mobility |
True
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A small angle of inclination is an indicator of:
|
avascular necrosis of femoral head
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A large angle of inclination
|
coxa valga
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A small angel of inclination
|
coxa vera
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True or false:
a large angle of inclination is easier to fracture |
False
Smaller angles are more easily fractured |
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the angle formed by the long axis of the head and neck with the line of the bicondylar plane
|
angle of femoral torsion
or angle of declination |
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The angle that can change the limb's angle of gait
ie. intoe or outtoe |
angle of declination
or angle of femoral torsion |
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the angle that measures the amount of twisting in the bone
|
angle of declination
or angle of femoral torsion |
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Progression of angle of declination
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larger at birth (40 degrees)
gets smaller with age (10 degrees) |
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Large angle of declination
|
anteversion
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small angle of declination (or negative angle in rare cases)
|
retroversion
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True or False:
The greater the anteversion, the more the lesser trochanter is positioned medially |
True
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anterior thickening of the sacroiliac joint capsule that stabilizes the sacroiliac joint
|
ventral sacroiliac ligament
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structure that stabilizes the sacroiliac joint by preventing superior rotation of the pelvic bone
|
sacrotuberous ligament
or also sacrospinous ligament |
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structure that closes the lesser sciatic notch to form the lesser sciatic foramen
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sacrotuberous ligament
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structure that closes the greater sciatic notch to form the greater sciatic foramen
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sacrospinous ligament
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the division between the hip and thigh regions that runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle
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Inguinal ligament
or Poupart's Ligament |
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the most medial portion of the inguinal ligament where the fibers change direction and pass inferiorly
|
Lacunar Ligament
or Gimbernat's Ligament |
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the extension of the lacunar ligament along the pectineal line
|
Pectineal Ligament
or Cooper's Ligament |
|
|
stabilizes the sacroiliac joint and has an upper band and lower band
|
iliolumbar ligament
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runs from L5 to internal lip of iliac crest
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Upper band of iliolumbar ligament
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runs from L5 to anterolateral superior aspect of sucrum
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Lower band of iliolumbar ligament
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stabilizes the sacroiliac joint and has a long and short division
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Dorsal Sacroiliac Ligament
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runs from lateral crests of 3rd and 4th sacral vertebrae to posterior superior iliac spine
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Long dorsal sacroiliac ligament
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runs from lateral crest of 1st and 2nd sacral vertebrae to the posterior superior iliac spine and the internal lip of the iliac crest
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Short dorsal sacroiliac ligament
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a sheet of deep fascia that covers most of the obturator foramen that is used for muscle attachment
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obturator membrane
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structure that passes through the obturator membrane
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obturator nerve and artery
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the very strong ligament that runs from the sacral tuberosity to the iliac tuberosity
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Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
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closes the obturator groove to from the obturator canal
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obturator membrane
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runs fro one pubic tubercle to the other and stabilizes the pubic symphysis
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superior pubic ligament
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connects the inferior borders of the pubic symphysis and stabilizes it
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arcuate pubic ligament
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vertebral levels that make up the sacroiliac joint
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S1 through S3
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articulation between the auricular surface of the ilium and sacrum
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sacroiliac joint
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type of cartilage in the sacroiliac joint
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fibrocartilage
(not hyaline cartilage) |
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the type of joint of the sacroiliac joint
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function diarthrosis
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the anterior, intrinsic ligament that reinforces the sacroiliac joint
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Ventral Sacroiliac Ligament
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The intrinsic ligament of the sacroiliac joint
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Ventral Sacroiliac Ligament
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The extrinsic ligaments of the sacroiliac joint
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interosseous sacroiliac ligament
dorsal sacroiliac ligament |
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The strong, thick, extrinsic ligament of the sacroiliac joint that is sometimes considered a syndesmosis
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Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
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the extrinsic ligament separate from the joint capsule that reinforces the sacroiliac joint posteriorly
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dorsal sacroiliac ligament
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the accessory ligaments of the sacroiliac joint
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sacrospinous ligament
sacrotuberous ligament |
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accessory ligaments that prevent the superior rotation of the pelvis bone during weight-bearing to aid in stabilizing the sacroiliac joint
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sacrospinous ligament
sacrotuberous ligament |
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the ligaments that provide additional stability hat is important when weight bearing force and body weight pass through the acetabulum and femoral head at different angles
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accessory ligaments
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articulation located between the symphyseal surfaces of the pubic bodies and provides attachment for some thigh muscles
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pubic symphysis
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type of cartilage found at the pubic symphysis
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hyaline cartilage which blends with fibrocartilage in the center (interpubic disk)
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what type of cartilage is the interpubic disk
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fibrocartilage
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True or False:
Some thigh muscles attach to the pubic symphysis |
True.
there is partial attachment |
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the type of joint of the pubic symphysis
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structural fibrous syndesmosis joint
functional amphiarthrosis |
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the structure that provides stability at the superior end of the pubic symphysis joint that runs from tubercle to tubercle
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Superior pubic ligament
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the structure that provides stability at the inferior end of the pubic symphysis joint that blends with the interpubic disk and runs from inferior pubic ramus to inferior pubic ramus
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Arcuate Pubic Ligament
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