Look At Me

Front 1

vacuoles

Back 1

-large, saclike, membrane-enclosed structures
-store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carborhydates
-found in some unicellular organisms and in some animals
-contractile vacuole: specialized vacuole that pumps excess water out of the cell by contracting rhythmically
-central vacuole: found in many plant cells; a single large vacuole filled with liquid. the pressure of the central vacuole in these cells increases their rigidity, making it possible for plants to support heavy structures, such as leaves and flowers.

Front 2

vesicle

Back 2

-smaller membrane-enclosed structures
-in nearly all eukaryotic cells
-store and move materials between cell organelles, as well as to and from the cell surface.

Front 3

lysosome

Back 3

-small organelles
-filled with enzymes
-break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can used by the rest of the cell
-break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness
-clean up "junk" that can accumulate and clutter up the cell
-found in a few specialized plant cells

Front 4

cytoskeleton

Back 4

-network of protein filaments
-certain parts of the cytoskeleton help transport materials between different parts of the cell
-parts involved in moving the entire cell as in cell flagella and cilia
-helps the cell maintain its shape
-involved in movement
-made up of microfilaments and microtubules

Front 5

microfilaments

Back 5

-threadlike structures made up of actin (a protein)
-form extensive networks in some cells
-produce a tough, flexible framework that supports the cell
-helps cells move
-microfilamnet assembly and disassembly are responsible for the cytoplasmic movements that allow amoebas and other cells to crawl along surfaces

Front 6

microtubules

Back 6

-hollow strucutres made up of tubulins (proteins)
-maintain cell shape
-important in cell division; form the mitotic spindle and separates chromosomes
-builds cilia and flagella, which enable the cell to swim rapidly through liquid...microtubules formed in a "9+2" pattern. small cross bridges between the microtubules in these organelles use chemical energy to pull on the microtubules, producing controlled movements.

Front 7

centriole

Back 7

-organelle formed from tubulins
-located near the nucleus
-help organize cell division
-not found in plant cells

Front 8

cytoplasm

Back 8

-portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Front 9

organelles

Back 9

structures that act like specialized organs

Front 10

nucleus

Back 10

-control center of the cell
-contains nearly all the cell's DNA and the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules
-only in eukaryotic cells
-surrounded by a nuclear envelope
-nuclear envelope composed of 2 membranes
-nuclear envelope dotted by nuclear pores that allow material (RNA, proteins, etc.) to move in and out of the cell
-contains chromosomes
-chromatin: spread out, threadlike chromosomes..a complex of DNA bound to proteins
-contains nucleolous: where the assembly of ribosomes begin

Front 11

ribosomes

Back 11

-small paricles of RNA and protein found through the cytoplasm in all cells
-produce proteins by following coded instructions that come from DNA

Front 12

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 12

-internal membrane system
-where lipid components of the cell membrane, proteins, and other exported materials are assembled

Front 13

rough ER

Back 13

-involved in synthesis of proteins
-has ribosomes on surface
-newly made proteins leave the ribosomes and are inserted in the rough ER to be chemically modified
-proteins made on the rough ER include those that will
a) be released/secreted from the cell
b) membrane proteins
c) proteins destined for lysosomes and other specialized locations

Front 14

smooth ER

Back 14

-has no ribosomes on surface
-contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks ex. synthesis of membrane lipids, detoxification of drugs

Front 15

Golgi Apparatus

Back 15

-looks like stack of flattened membranes
-proteins of rough ER now go here
-modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell or release outside the cell

Front 16

chloroplasts

Back 16

-capture the energy from the sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis
-surrounded by two membranes
-contains large stacks of other membranes containing chlorophyll (green pigment)
-found in plants and some other organisms

Front 17

mitochondria

Back 17

-found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, including plants
-convert the chemical energy in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
-an outer and inner membrane enclose mitochondria
-inner membrane is folded up inside organelle
-mitochondria only from mother
-contains small DNA molecules

Front 18

cell wall

Back 18

-strong supporting later around the membrane
-support, protect, and shape the cell
-found in most prokaryotes and many eukaryotes except animal cells
-porous enough to allow water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and certain other substances to pass through easily
-provide much of the strength needed for plants to stand against the force of gravity

Front 19

cell membrane

Back 19

-regulates what enters and leaves the cell
-protects and supports the cell
-consists of lipid bilayer
-lipid bilayer gives cell membrane a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings

Front 20

selectively permeable

Back 20

some substances can pass across them and others cannot