Lom Endocrine

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receptors are actually

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cellular proteins that bind to a hormone

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the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract has cells that produce the hormones

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gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin—all of which help to regulate digestion

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prostaglandins, hormone-like substances produced by many of the body's tissues, stimulate the

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contraction of smooth muscle, influence the inflammatory response, and are involved in gastrointestinal and vascular functions, including the lowering of blood pressure.

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kidneys secrete erythropoietin, a substance that stimulates

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the production of red blood cells

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anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, under the control of the

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hypothalamus

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Growth hormone (GH), also known as

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somatotropin (STH), affects the growth of the skeletal muscles and the long bones of the body GH also promotes the synthesis of proteins, performs cell repair, and helps to maintain blood glucose levels.

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The pituitary gland is located in the cranial cavity, in a depression of the skull called the

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sella turcica

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the pituitary is a small, pea-shaped gland attached to the undersurface of the hypothalamus. Also known as the

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hypophysis

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the anterior lobe

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also called the adenohypophysis

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the posterior lobe

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also known as the neurohypophysis

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The anterior lobe of the pituitary is an upward extension of the pharynx and consists of

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glandular tissue

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posterior lobe is a downward projection of the brain and is composed of

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nervous tissue

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Though technically part of the nervous system, the hypothalamus controls the secretions of the

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anterior pituitary lobe

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the hypothalamus produces hormones that are transported to the

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posterior pituitary lobe and stored there until needed

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(PRL)—also called lactogenic hormone—is another hormone secreted by the anterior lobe

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prolactin

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(TSH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary lobe to stimulate the thyroid gland (thyr/o, thyroid/o) and thyroxine secretion.

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Thyrotropin, or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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(ACTH), targets the outer portion of the adrenal gland—the adrenal cortex—and causes it to secrete three steroid hormones, particularly cortisol.

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adrenocorticotropic hormone

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anterior pituitary secretes two gonadotropic hormones, that is, hormones whose target organs are the gonads, or sex glands.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the growth of the ova, or eggs, in the female and sperm in the male. Luteinizing hormone (LH) causes the secretion of sex hormones—estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone—in men and women and stimulates the process of ovulation.

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The posterior pituitary gland secretes two significant hormones.

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The first is antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidney; The second significant hormone of this gland is oxytocin (OT), which stimulates contractions in the uterus during labor and childbirth

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ADH—also called

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vasopressin- capable of causing the smooth muscles of the blood vessels to contract and, with their constriction, to elevate blood pressure, while it is also responsible for the release, or letdown, of milk from the mammary glands in response to an infant's suckling.

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The thyroid gland diided in the middle by a narrow strip of tissue called the

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isthmus

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The thyroid releases two main hormones called

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triiodothyronine (T3) (tri- = three) and tetraiodothyronine, which is also called thyroxine to increase body cell metabolism, as well as calcitonin to lower blood calcium

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The parathyroid glands are tiny structures—usually four—attached to the posterior wall of the thyroid gland. These glands secrete

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parathyroid hormone (PTH), or parathormone. PTH stimulates the release of calcium from bone tissue to increase the level of calcium in the blood. It also causes the kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the urine and—along with vitamin D—increases the absorption of calcium from the digestive tract.

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PTH has an effect on blood calcium levels that is opposite to that of

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calcitonin

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The thymus gland secreting a hormone called

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thymosin that stimulates the development of the immune system and the production of lymphocytes. The thymus is much larger in children than in adults.

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The adrenal (adren/o, adrenal/o), or suprarenal, glands are two small secretory organs, each of which sits atop a kidney. Each gland consists of two regions:

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the outer portion, called the adrenal cortex, and an inner part, the adrenal medulla. The two regions of the adrenal glands secrete different hormones.

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The adrenal cortex secretes three types of steroid hormones, which are collectively known as

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corticosteroids

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The outer layer, or zone, of the cortex produces the ---------the most important of which is aldosterone

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mineralocorticoids

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by targeting the kidney, increases the amount of the electrolyte sodium (natr/o) and decreases the amount of the electrolyte potassium (kal/i) in the blood. Potassium is abbreviated K+, and sodium, Na+.

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Aldosterone,

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hormones that are secreted from the adrenal cortex blood pressure and glucose levels are usually controlled by

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glucocorticoids

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the main glucocorticoid, is also known as hydrocortisone. It helps regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism—for instance, raising blood glucose in response to stress.

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Cortisol

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The inner layer of the adrenal cortex secretes, in small amounts, the male and female sex hormones—that is, the

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gonadocorticoids.

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responsible for the manifestation of secondary sex characteristics and are required for reproduction.

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Gonadocorticoids

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the adrenal medulla secretes two important nonsteroidal hormones known as------referred to as sympathomimetic hormones.

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catecholamines: epinephrine, also called adrenaline, and norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline. Both exert effects similar to the sympathetic nervous system.

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The pancreas is composed of both

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endocrine and exocrine tissue, and the islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells, scattered throughout the pancreas, that form the endocrine portion of the gland.

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islets of Langerhans consist of two types of cells:

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alpha cells, which secrete the hormone glucagon, and the insulin-producing beta cells. Both of these hormones help regulate blood glucose levels.

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Insulin helps glucose (sugar) to be picked up by the body's cells, and it promotes the conversion of glucose to

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to glycogen for storage in the liver

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Glucagon antagonizes, or opposes, the effect of

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insulin

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If hypersecretion occurs during adulthood—after the epiphyseal disks of the long bones have been sealed—the condition known as

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acromegaly

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pituitary hormones. As with growth hormone abnormalities, the onset of panhypopituitarism may be pre- or postpubertal.

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Panhypopituitarism

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Excessive thirst

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polydipsia

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is a condition that is caused by excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, leading to abnormal retention of water.

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Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

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Hyposecretion of ADH results in a condition known as

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diabetes insipidus (DI)

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is the most severe form of hypothyroidism. Persons with this disorder experience swelling of the hands, face, and feet because of the accumulation of a mucus-like (myx/o = mucus) substance under the skin

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Myxedema

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because deficiency of the thyroid hormone allows an increase of lipids, or fats, in the bloodstream.

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atherosclerosis