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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct form incorrect reasoning
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Logic
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An assertion that something is (or is not) the case; all are either true or false
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Proposition
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The meaning of a declarative sentence at a particular time; in logic, this owrd is sometimes used instead of "proposition"
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Statement
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A proposition making only one assertion
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Simple Proposition
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A proposition containing two or more simple propositions
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Compound Proposition
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A type of compound proposition in which neither of the two components is asserted, using "either/or"; if true, at least one of the component propositions must be true
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Disjunctive (or Alternative) Proposition
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A type of compound proposition that states "if... then"; it is false only when the antecedent is true and the consequent is false
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Hypothetical (or Conditional) Proposition
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A process of linking propositions by affirming one proposition on the basis of one or more other propositions
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Inference
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A structured group of propositions, reflecting an inference; all are either valid or invalid
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Argument
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A proposition used in an argument to support some other proposition
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Premise
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The proposition in an argument that the other propositions, the premises, support
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Conclusion
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Claims to support its conclusion conclusively; one of the two classes of argument
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Deductive Argument
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Claims to support its conclusion only with some degree of probability; one of the two classes of argument
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Inductive Argument
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If all the premises are true, the conclusion must be true; applies only to deductive arguments
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Valid Argument
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The conclusion is not necessarily true, even if all the premises are true; applies only to deductive arguments
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Invalid Argument
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Traditional techniques, based on Aristotle's works, for the analysis of deductive arguments
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Classical Logic
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Methods used by most modern logicians to analyze deductive arguments
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Modern Symbolic Logic
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The likelihood that some conclusion (of an inductive argument) is true
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Probability
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An attribute of a proposition that asserts what really is the case
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Truth
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An argument that is valid and has only true premises
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Sound
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Language used to convey information
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Informative Discourse
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Language used to convey or evoke feelings
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Expressive Discourse
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Language used to cause or prevent action
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Directive Discourse
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A mix of language functions (usually expressive and directive) with special social uses
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Ceremonial Use of Language
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A special form of speech that simultaneously reports on, and performs some function
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Performative Utterance
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A form of genuine dispute that at first appears to be merely verbal
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Criterial Dispute
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The symbol being defined
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Definiendum
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The symbol (or group of symbols) that has the same meaning as the definiendum
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Definiens
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A proposal to arbitrarily assign meaning to a newly introduced symbol; a proposal of a way to use a word, neither true nor false
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Stipulative Definition
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A report -- which may be true or false -- of the meaning a definiendum already has in actual language usage
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Lexical Definition
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A report on existing language usage, with additional stipulations provided to reduce vagueness
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Precising Definition
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Uncertainty because a word or phrase has more than one meaning
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Ambiguity
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Lack of clarity regarding the "borders" of a term's meaning
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Vagueness
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An account of a term that is helpful for general understanding or in scientific practice; open to question, can always be criticized
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Theoretical Definition
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A definition intended to influence attitudes of emotions; often used as a way of making some idea more or less acceptable
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Persuasive Definition
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The collection of objects to which a general term is correctly applied
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Extension
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The attributes shared by all objects, and only those objects, to which a general term applies
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Intension
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As intension increases, the extension decreases or stays the same
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Law of Inverse Variation
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A definition based on the term's extension. This type of definition is usually flawed because it is most often impossible to enumberate all the objects in a general class
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Denotative Definition
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A demonstrative definition; a term is defined by pointing at an object
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Ostensive Definition
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A denotative definition that uses gesture and a descriptive phrase
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Quasi-Ostensive Definition
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What the speaker believes is the intension; the private interpretation of a term at a particular time
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Subjective Intension
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The total set of attributes shared by all the objects in the word's extension
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Objective Intension
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The commonly accepted intension of a term; the public meaning that permits and facilitates communication
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Conventional Intension
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Defining a word with another word that has the same meaning and is already understood
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Synonymous Definition
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Defining a term by limiting its use to situations where certain actions or operations lead to specified results
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Operational Definition
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Defining a term by identifying the larger class of which it is a member, and the distinguishing attributes that characterize it specifically
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Definition by Genus and Difference
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A type of argument that may seem to be correct, but contains a mistake in reasoning
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Fallacy
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Fallacies in which the premises are irrelevant to the conclusion
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Fallacies of Relevance
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A type of ad hominem attack that cuts off rational discourse
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Poisoning the Well
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A type of irrelevant conclusion fallacy in which the opponent's position is misrepresented
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Straw Man Fallacy
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A type of irrelevant conclusion fallacy in which a distracting element is introduced to obscure an opponent's position
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Red Herring Fallacy
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"Does not follow"; often applied to fallacies of relevance, since the conclusion does not follow from the premises
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Non Sequitor
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Fallacies in which the premises are too weark or ineffective to warrant the conclusion
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Fallacies of Defective Induction
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"After the thing, therefore because of the thing"; a type of false cause fallacy in which an event is presumed to have been caused by another event that came before it
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Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
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A type of false cause fallacy in which change in a particular direction is assumed to lead inevitably to further, disastrous, change in the same direction
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Slippery Slope
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Fallaces in which the conclusion depends on a tactic assumption that is dubious, unwarranted, or false
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Fallacies of Presumption
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Fallacies caused by a shift or confusion of meanings within an argument. Also known as sophisms
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Fallacies of Ambiguity
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