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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Propositions
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a composite expression signifying true or false
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Simple Expression
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a verbal or written sign whose parts don't signify on their own
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Composite Expression
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a verbal or written sign whose parts do signify on their own
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Imperfect Composite Expression
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one which fails to signify a complete meaning
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Perfect Composite Expression
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one which does signify a complete meaning
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All propositions are...
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perfect composite expressions, but not all perfect composite expressions are propositions.
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Three parts of a proposition
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1) Subject term
2) Verb copula 3) Predicate term |
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Division of Propositions according to unity
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Absolute or relative
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Categorical Proposition (Absolute unity)
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signifies one thing said of another and usually involves a quantifier
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Compound Proposition (Relative unity)
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formed by joining two or more categorical propositions by some connective link - and, or, if/then
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Division of Propositions according to Quality
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Affirmative or negative
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Affirmative
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a categorical proposition in which the predicate is united to the subject in the intellectual act of composition
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Negative
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a categorical proposition in which the predicate is separated from the subject in the intellectual act of division
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Two things making a proposition negative
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1) Negative verb copula
2) Negative universal quantifier |
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Division of Propositions according to Quantity
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The quantity is determined by the subject.
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Singular Propositions
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proper name or definite description
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Universal Propositions
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the predicate belongs to all or none of the subject
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Particular Propositions
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the predicate belongs to some or at least one of the subject
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Indefinite Propositions
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No quantifier is used
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Theory of Distribution
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how much of the subject term stands for the individuals signified by that term
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Universal/Singular Affirmative
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d u
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Universal/Singular Negative
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d d
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Particular/Indefinite Affirmative
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u u
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Particular/Indefinite Negative
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u d
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Opposition of Terms
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a relation of negation
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Opposition of Propositions
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a relation of negation between propositions
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In order to have true opposition between propositions...
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-the same predicate must be said of the same subject
-both must have the same signification of terms |
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Contradictories/Rule
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-opposed in both quality and quantity
-Rule: can't both be true, one must be false. One affirms precisely what the other denies in such a was as a third proposition is impossible between them. |
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Contraries/Rule
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-opposed in quality, but remain universal
-Rule: both can't be true, but both could be false |
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Sub-Contraries/Rule
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-both opposed in quality, but remain particular
-Rule: both can't be false, but both could be true |
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Sub-Alternation rule
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a) Universal true - particular true
b) Particular false - universal false c) Universal false - particular unknown d) Particular true - universal unknown |
