Logic 1

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Inference

Back 1

One statement that supports another, or gives us reason to believe another statement.

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Inference Indicator

Back 2

Words that indicate that one thought is intended to support another thought.

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Statement

Back 3

A sentence that is used to make a claim that is capable of being true or false.

Also a proposition

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Argument

Back 4

A set of statements that claim that one or more of those statements (premise) suport the other.

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Premises

Back 5

A proposition supporting or helping to support a conclusion. Can be true or false.

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Conclusion

Back 6

A conclusion is a statement in an argument that indicates of what the arguer is trying to convince the reader/listener.

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Logical Strength

Back 7

I

.

Concerns Inferences, not premises on their own

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Soundness/Sound Argument

Back 8

Soundness concerns an overall argument.

An argument with both logical strength and true premises is called a sound argument.

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Deductive Arguments

Back 9

The truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion

(100% logical strength)

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Inductive Argument

Back 10

Truth of the premises provides support for the conclusion, but do not guarantee the truth of the conclusion.

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Counterfactual Arguments

Back 11

What would happen if untrue premises were true?

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The Reference Theory of Meaning

Back 12

The meaning of a word consists in what it refers to.

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The Idea Theory of Meaning

Back 13

The meaning of a word consists of the idea or mental image that is associated with that word.

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The meaning as use

Back 14

Words have meaning only when they are used in a sentence, without such context they have no meaning.

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Descriptive Function

Back 15

Conveys factual info (describe something)

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Evaluative Function

Back 16

Pass Judgement on something

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Emotive Function

Back 17

Expresses Emotion

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Evocative Function

Back 18

Evokes feelings/emotions in others.

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Persuasive Function

Back 19

Persuade others of something.

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Interrogative Function

Back 20

Elicit info, such as thorough questions

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Directive Function

Back 21

Direct someones acticities through advice/commands.

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Performative Function

Back 22

Sentences that constitute an action.

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Recreational Function

Back 23

Use of language for fun (stories or jokes)

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Subjective and Objective POV

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Subjective: Speaker- their intentions determine the functions of the sentence.

Objective: Audience-how they interpret and determine the function.

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Sense

Back 25

What we understand when we understand a words meaning

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Reference

Back 26

The class of things to which the word refers

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Reportive Definition

Back 27

Defines the meaning of a word in terms of the words standard usage(s)

Are descriptive

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Stipulative Definition

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Specifies how a word will be used, often for a specific purpose

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Essentialist Definition

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Specifies the attempt to capture the essence of a term

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Genus Species

Back 30

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Ostensive Method

Back 31

Provides examples of the term, either, verbally or physically.

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Synonym Method

Back 32

Defines a word by providing other words with the same of similar meaning.

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Operational Method

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Defines the meaning of a word in terms of a certain set of rules or operations.

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Contextual Method

Back 34

Offers a sentence that uses a word in its standard context and then offers another sentence with the same meaning without the word in question.

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Principle of Charity

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One expresses their thoughts through clear and percise statements.

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Vagueness

Back 36

A statemenr that lacks a percise meaning

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Ambiguity

Back 37

A sentence that has 2+ different but possibly percise meanings

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Referential Ambiguity

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Arises when a word or phrase could refer to 2+ properties or things.

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Grammatical Ambiguity

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Arises when the grammatical structure of a sentence allows two interpretations, which bring dif. Meanings

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Use and Mention

Back 40

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Analytic Statement

Back 41

A statement that is true my definition

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Contradictory statement

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A statement that is false by definition

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Synthetic Statement

Back 43

A statement whose truth or falsity is not solely dependant upon the meaning of the words.

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Descriptive Meaning

Back 44

When it describes something

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Evaluative Meaning

Back 45

Evaluates/Judges something

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Loaded Term

Back 46

Any term with a clear descriptive meaning and a positive or negative evaluative meaning which is used in an attempt to persuade us to accept the evaluation conveyed by the term

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Loaded Questions

Back 47

Not a genuine question because they half-answer themselves.

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Rhetoric Questions

Back 48

Appeats on the surface to elict new info from a respondant jusy as a real question does, but are really disguises statements

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Necessary Conditions

Back 49

X is a necessary condition for Y if, and only if, when X is false, Y is false.

Musy be met in order for something else to happen or to be true, but alone does not guarantee that the something else will happen or be true.

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Sufficient Condition

Back 50

X is sufficient condition for Y if, and only if, when X is true Y must also be True.

Is enough to make something else happen or be true, but is not necessary to make that something else happen or not to be true.

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Jointly Sufficient Condition

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Sometimes a # of seperate cond. Are all necessary, but they are sufficient only when they are all met.

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3 criteria for a sound argument

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1) premise must be acceptable

2)premise must be relevant

3)premise must be adequate

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7 rules for assesing arguments

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1)identify main conclusion

2)identify the premises

3)idetify the structure of argument

4)check the acceptability

5)check the relevance

6)check the adequacy

7)look foe counter-arguments