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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the mammalian pectoral girdle composition? |
clavicle attached to sternum by muscular sling |
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How did the scapula change? |
dorsal extension for muscle attachment |
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What are the 3 bones in the pelvic girdle? |
ileum, pubis + ischium |
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How did limb bones change? |
got longer and thinner |
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What change allowed for more muscle attachment on limbs? |
increased processes (olecranon, calcaneus) |
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How do semi-aquatic mammals swim? |
paraxial swimming - use limbs |
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How do fully-aquatic mammals swim? |
axial swimming - undulations of body |
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How do mammals avoid slipping? |
- pads - opposable thumbs - prehensile tails - interlock - bond |
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How do animals avoid toppling? |
- tail - hang - low COG |
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What adaptations do leaping/springing animals have? |
long hindlimbs, feet + tail |
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What adaptations do brachiating animals have? |
- open pectoral girdle - longer forelimbs |
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What structure do animals use to glide? |
patagium |
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What is the curve in the wing called? |
camber |
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What muscle does the downstroke use? |
pectoralis |
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What muscle does the upstroke use? |
deltoideus |
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What is wing loading? |
body mass / wing area |
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What is aspect ratio? |
wing span ^2 / wing area |
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In what direction are the body and wings in hovering vs flying? |
- hovering: body vertical, wings horizontal - flying: body horizontal, wings vertical |
