Lmucrna 2015 - Biochem Exam

Front 1

1. What is made from cholesterol?

Back 1

Bile acids, steroid hormones, fat-soluble vitamins, cellular membranes

Front 2

2. What removes fatty acids and very low density particles from the bloodstream?

Back 2

Lipoprotein lipase

Front 3

3. What is the intracellular transporter of nitrogen?

Back 3

glutamate

(intracellular- glutamate: INMATE)

Front 4

4. What are some things that happen during starvation?

Back 4

Ketoacidosis, nitrogen excretion increased, ketone odor to breath

Front 5

5. What would happen with a urea cycle disorder?

Back 5

Hyperammonemia-
unresponsive, coma, increase in glutamine

Front 6

6. Which lipoproteins are synthesized in the intestine epithelial cells?

Back 6

Chylomicrons

Front 7

7. What do HMG coenzyme reductase inhibitors do?

Back 7

Decrease cholesterol

Front 8

8. Where does the urea cycle occur?

Back 8

Liver

Front 9

9. What organ is affected by hyperammonemia?

Back 9

Brain,
Change in LOC, disorientation

Front 10

11. What cells have huge amounts of lysosomes?

Back 10

Macrophages & neutrophils
(phagocytosing WBCs)

Front 11

12. What are erythrocytes?

Back 11

-Are the red cells that carry oxygen to the tissues & most numerous cells in blood

Front 12

13. What are hepatocytes?

Back 12

Carries out many functions of the liver. Pathways of metabolism controlled by hormones happen in hepatocytes

Front 13

14. What are macrophages?

Back 13

Large eaters: phagocytic cells that enter inflammatory sites & consume microorganisms and necrotic host cells debris left behind by granulocyte attack of the foreign material.

Front 14

15. What organelle is responsible for respiration and energy production in the cell?

Back 14

Mitochondria

Front 15

16. Which cell can only use anaerobic respiration to obtain energy?

Back 15

Erythrocytes

Front 16

17. Albumin in the blood –

Back 16

Carrier of fatty acids in the glucagon world.

Front 17

18. What plasma protein transports iron?

Back 17

transferrin

Front 18

32. What does the liver do with sugar?

Back 18

Generates ATP, stores it in the form of glycogen, convert to fatty acids and store in adipose tissue

Front 19

33. NADPH – something that can supply electrons

Back 19

drug detoxification

Front 20

35. What are the products of the TCA cycle?

Back 20

3-NADH, 1- FADH, & 1-GTP and metabolic water

Front 21

36. What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

Back 21

make a concentration gradient

Front 22

37. What is the most reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

Back 22

Hydroxyl radicals

Front 23

38. What are some good anti-oxidants?

Back 23

Vitamins C & E

Front 24

40. Why do we need glutathione peroxidase?

Back 24

It reduces hydrogen peroxide to H2O. Hydrogen peroxide is highly reactive within the cell.

Front 25

41. Lactase catalyzes the reaction of?

Back 25

Galactose

Front 26

42. What is GLUT4?

Back 26

Glucose transporters inserted by insulin into muscle
heart, and fat cells

Front 27

43. What two enzymes are needed to reverse the pyruvate kinase reaction? PEP carboxykinase??

Back 27

phosphofructokinase
glucokinase

Front 28

44. What is regulated by malonyl coenzyme A?

Back 28

CPT1

Front 29

46. What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Back 29

Vitamins A,D,E,K

Front 30

48. Where is ATP produced in the cell?

Back 30

mitochrondia

Front 31

49. What is the end result of metabolism –

Back 31

water and CO2 (metabolic water)

Front 32

50. What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 32

Production of ATP from ADP

Front 33

51. Exogenous fat transported in blood stream by

Back 33

Chylomicrons

Front 34

52. Endogenous fat transported in blood stream by

Back 34

VLDL

Front 35

53. Succinate dehydrogenase is ?

Back 35

the physical link between the TCA cycle and electron transport chain

Front 36

Which of the lipoproteins are considered good proteins?

Back 36

HDL

Front 37

Where is HDL made?

Back 37

Liver and intestines

Front 38

HDL transports cholesterol from

Back 38

the periphery to the liver.

Front 39

Why is HDL good?

Back 39

It is a big molecules, preventing its adhesion the vessel walls, preventing cholesterol buildup from occurring.

Front 40

Where is LDL made?

Back 40

In the blood as remnant of IDL, contains high levels of cholesterol. ‘Bad’ cholesterol

Front 41

Where is VLDL made?

Back 41

Liver from dietary carbs, carry triglycerides.

Front 42

VLDL transports fatty acids from

Back 42

liver to periphery.

Front 43

What is the main transporter of triglycerides in the blood?

Back 43

Chylomicrons

Front 44

Where are chylomicrons produced?

Back 44

In the intestinal epithelium from dietary fat

Front 45

What is made from cholesterol?

Back 45

Bile acids, steroid hormones, fat-soluble vitamins, cellular membranes

Front 46

What are some other functions of cholesterol?

Back 46

Suppress inflammation, survival energy surges, regulate water retention, make vitamin D (necessary for the metabolism of calcium and phosphorous. Also helps form anti-oxidants when our stores of vitamin and mineral antioxidants is low. Cholesterol excreted in the skin can help against infection

Front 47

In the insulin world, which protein transports fatty acids?

Back 47

VLDL

Front 48

In the glucagon world, which protein transports fatty acids?

Back 48

Albumin

Front 49

What removes fatty acids and very low density particles from the bloodstream?

Back 49

Lipoprotein lipase

Front 50

These are used for formation of ketone bodies in the liver?

Back 50

Fatty acids

Front 51

What amino acid is the intracellular transporter of nitrogen?

Back 51

Glutamate

Front 52

Name some things you would find in a person in the state of starvation.

Back 52

Ketoacidosis, ketone odor to breath, coagulopathy secondary to decreased vitamin K intake

Front 53

The excretion of this element is increased in someone with starvation?

Back 53

Nitrogen

Front 54

What is the difference between the starvation state and the glycogen world?

Back 54

The presence of ketone bodies being used by the brain for fuel

Front 55

What would happen in someone with a urea cycle disorder?

Back 55

Too much nitrogen in blood in the form of ammonia – hyperammonemia. Symptoms would manifest as neurologic abnormalities including decrease LOC, unconsciousness

Front 56

Which amino acid will be increased with hyperammonemia?

Back 56

Glutamine

Front 57

What do HMG CoA reductase inhibitors do?

Back 57

Decrease cholesterol

Front 58

In which organ does the urea cycle occur?

Back 58

Liver

Front 59

Which cell type has a large amount of lysosomes?

Back 59

Macrophages. Lysosomes are abundant in phagocytic WBCs (macrophages and neutrophils)

Front 60

Which organelle houses genetic material, transcribes genes and directs synthesis of gene proteins?

Back 60

Nucleus

Front 61

What is chromatin?

Back 61

DNA packaged in a very compact form

Front 62

Which organelle synthesizes and assembles ribosomes?

Back 62

Nucleolus

Front 63

Which organelles are responsible for translation of RNA into proteins?

Back 63

Ribosomes

Front 64

This organelle does not have ribosomes. It is involved in metabolism and synthesis of lipids, needed for detox reactions of drugs and poisons, abundant in liver –

Back 64

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 65

This organelle has ribosomes, highly involved in protein synthesis?

Back 65

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 66

Which organelle is the distribution and shipping center?

Back 66

Golgi apparatus

Front 67

Which organelles digest and degrade molecules in the cell, and has an acidic pH of 4.8?

Back 67

Lysosomes

Front 68

Which organelle contains destructive enzymes, rely on conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water, abundant in the liver and kidney?

Back 68

Peroxisomes

Front 69

Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell that generates ATP?

Back 69

Mitochondria

Front 70

Which cell can only use anaerobic respiration (glycolysis) to obtain energy?

Back 70

Erythrocytes

Front 71

What plasma protein transports iron?

Back 71

Transferrin

Front 72

What can cause movement of water from the brain to the blood?

Back 72

Colloid osmotic pressure

Front 73

What does elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase mean?

Back 73

Some form of tissue destruction usually, PPT specifically mentions myocardial infarction

Front 74

What is the liver going to do with sugar when insulin is secreted?

Back 74

The liver takes up glucose and needs to trap it inside the membrane. Glucokinase puts a phosphate on it, turns it into glucose 6 phosphate, stores it

Front 75

What organ releases glucagon?

Back 75

Pancreas

Glucagon signals the liver to utilize its shared carbohydrate to release glucose into the circulation, primarily for use by the brain and RBC. Glucagon also signals the fat cell to degrade triacylglycerol, supplying the body with fatty acids for energy and glycerol for gluconeogenesis

Front 76

What are the substrates for liver gluconeogenesis?

Back 76

Lactate (from RBCs), amino acids (from muscle protein degradation), and glycerol

Increased levels of circulating glucagon relative to insulin also stimulate the mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue

Front 77

What is the major function of the HMP pathway?

Back 77

Generation of NADPH and five-carbon sugars

Front 78

What is NADPH used for?

Back 78

Protection against free radical injury and drug detoxification

Front 79

A deficiency of NADPH can result in

Back 79

hemolytic anemia.

Front 80

Which organ has the greatest demand for NADPH?

Back 80

Liver

Front 81

Which cells cannot use ketones as a source for fuel?

Back 81

Liver and RBCs

Front 82

What is generated from the TCA cycle?

Back 82

1 FADH, 3 NADH, 1 GTP

Front 83

What are the products of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction?

Back 83

Acetyl CoA which goes to the TCA or for fatty acid synthase, and NADH

Front 84

What is the primary purpose of the electron transport chain?

Back 84

Producing, maintaining a proton gradient

Front 85

What is the most reactive oxygen species?

Back 85

Hydroxyl radicals

Front 86

What substance is a clear indicator of free radical oxidative damage?

Back 86

Malonyl dialdehyde – increase in the blood and urine after a recent MI

Front 87

Why do we need glutathione peroxidase?

Back 87

It reduces hydrogen peroxide to water, decreases level of reactive hydrogen peroxide in the cell

Lactose is converted via the enzyme lactase to glucose and galactose.

Front 88

What is GLUT4?

Back 88

Insulin dependent glucose transporter in fat and muscle cells

Front 89

Which enzymes are phosphorylated/ dephosphorylated in the insulin world?

Back 89

Pyruvate D on,
Glycogen synthase on,
glycogen phosphorylase off

Front 90

Which enzymes are phosphorylated/dephosphorylated in the glucagon world?

Back 90

Pyruvate D off,
glycogen synthase off,
glycogen phosphorylase on

Front 91

What two enzymes are needed to reverse the pyruvate kinase reaction?

Back 91

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEP carboxykinase)
and
pyruvate carboxylase

Front 92

Where is ATP produced in the cell?

Back 92

On the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 93

How many moles of ATP are made per each mole of glucose?

Back 93

38

Front 94

What is the end result of energy metabolism?

Back 94

Metabolic water

Front 95

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 95

Production of ATP from ADP