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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Pathogenesis
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how infections develop
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what are the four steps to pathogenesis?
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1) exposure 2) adherence 3) colonization 4) escape
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define virulence
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the ability of a pathogen to cause disease
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How can virulence factors be transferred?
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horizontally
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where are virulence factors found?
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they are found on plasmids, chromosomes, or lysogenic phages
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what kinds of cell structures are related to virulence?
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pili, fimbrae, capsule, cell membrane, OMV
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what are biofilms made from?
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adhesive molecules & slime
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What are CFA's and what organism are they found in?
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Colonization factor antigens found in e coli that allow an organism to adhere and produce disease
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What are the four organisms that have pili? which ones are associated with the urogenital tract?
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E Coli, Nessiera ghorrhea *urogenital!*, neiserria meningites, vibrio cholera, and candidas albicans
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What are capsules composed of?
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Polysaccharides or amino acids.
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What organism has a capsule made up of amino acids?
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bacillus anthracis
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T/F Capsules usually help evade phagocytes
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True
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Streptococcus pnemoniae has a capsule/slime layer that is helped to determine prognosis. T/F?
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True
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How does Neisseria Ghonnorrhea affect the complement system?
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It has special oligosacchararides that prevent MAC formation, and they have complement C5a proteases that can be destroyed
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During the evading of phagocytosis, what does two things allow microbes to grow in clots and be released?
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coagulase and streptokinase
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what are leukocidins?
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they are produced by microbes and kill phagocytic cells
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what three organisms use actin-based motility after they escape the phagosome?
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shigella, ricketssia, and monocytogenes
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How does chlamydia evade phagocytosis?
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It stops the phagosome fusing with the lysosome
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T/F many pathogens make factors that can inactivate or compensate for lysosomal action (SOD)
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True
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What types of organisms have outer membrane vesicles (- or +) and give example(s)
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Gram negative, e. coli and P aeurogenosa
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How do OMVs work?
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The vesicle fuses with the cell and delivers the toxin to the cytoplasm
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What are exotoxins?
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Proteins that are made and released by gram + and - microbes; many are made from lysogenic genes and plasmid genes
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Name two types of neurotoxins
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Clostridium Botulinum and C. tetani
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What kind of toxins act on the GI tract? Name a few
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Enterotoxins, E. Coli, Shigella, and Cholera
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What microbes cause infectious diarrhea produced by enterotoxins?
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shigella, e. coli, and cholera
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Which microbes cause food poisoning produced by enterotoxins?
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B. cereus and S. aureus
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What type of organism causes the release of pyrogenic exotoxins?
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S pyogenes and S. aureus
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What do super antigens do?
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cause pan activation of the immune system T cells
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What are two types of super antigens?
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S aureus (toxic shock) and S pyogenes (scarlet fever)
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What subunit of the AB system delivers the toxin?
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B subunit
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What subunit of the AB system carries the toxin?
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A subunit
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What are the two membrane disrupting exotoxins?
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Phospholipases and Pore-Forming
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ADP Ribosyl transferase uses what as a source of of ADP ribose?
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NAD
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How does the AB toxin system act?
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Inhibits cell activities such as cAMP when ADP ribose is attached
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Membrane disrupting toxins result in what of the cell?
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Lysis!!!!
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What are pathogenicity islands?
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type iii secretion systems in where a bunch of virulence factors are clustered in ISs and transferred to a nearby host cell in the cytoplasm, the antitoxin response takes awhile to occur.
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how does anthrax disseminate?
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produces spores
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are exotoxins produced by gram - or gram +
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both
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are endotoxins produced by gram - or gram +
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gram -
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what organism inhibits opsonization and how?
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S aureus and it makes protein A that binds to IgG
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