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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Peter the Great was a descendant of the _______ Dynasty
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Romanov
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Who was Peter Named after
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the saint
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Which Side of the tsar family tree won the power struggle in 1646
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Miloslavski
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Where were Peter the Great and His mother sent to?
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Preobrazhensky refuge a German quarter
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What did Peter the great learn at Preobrazhensky refuge
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learned trades
ships and the sea military interests |
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Who plots to kill Peter the Great
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Sophia
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After the attempt on Peter's Life, where does he flee to?
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Holy Trinity
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Where does Peter exile Sophia to?
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a nunnery
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How did Peter the Great Judge people
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by their abilities
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What kind of a profile does Peter keep at The Grand Embassy
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incognito
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Wat is Peter's alias at the Grand Embassy
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Peter Mikhailov
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The monument (1784, sculptor Falconet) was put up after the order of Catherine the Great (1729-1796), Peter's granddaughter-in-law.
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The Bronze Horseman
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This Treaty ends the Great Northern War and gains Russia territory
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Treaty of Nystad
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Soviet literally means
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council of workers
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Before 1500, how did scholars decide what was right or wrong
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by referring to ancient Greek or roman texts
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theory that the earth centered the universe
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Geocentric
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who supported the geocentric theory?
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Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Christianity
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What helped spread enlightenment ideas?
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the printing press
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Who discovered the heliocentric theory
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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When did Copernicus publish his findings?
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the last year of his life in fear of criticism
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Discovered law of the pendulum
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Galileo
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Whose theories does Galileo's support but goes against the church
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Copernicus
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Where did Newton study math and physics
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Cambridge univ
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Which two theories of motion did newton die together
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Kepler and galileo
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Who invented the first microscope
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Zacharius Janssen
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Who preforms first human dissection
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Andreas Vesalius
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What were the 5 important concepts of philosophies in the Renaissance
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Reason, Nature, happiness, Progress, Liberty
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people who believed in the ideas of the enlightenment
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philosophes
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Who was Diderot's encyclopedia financed by
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Madame Geoffrin
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What kind of Government did Montesquieu advocate
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Britain's Separation of powers.
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Which city was the intellectual center of the Enlightenment/
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Paris
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large social gatherings to discuss ideas
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salons
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Known for the Heliocentric theory
wrote "Revolutions of the heavenly bodies" |
Copernicus
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Created Mathematical laws that govern planetary motion
Created Orbits Wrote "Tycho brane" |
Johannes Kepler
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founded the law of the pendulum
Telescope Wrote the newsletter "Storry messenger" |
Galileo
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English politician and writer
better understanding of the world = better lives. attacked midevil scholars for relying on Aristotle |
Francis Bacon
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Developed analytical geometry
I think therefor I am |
Rene Descartes
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Brought together everyone's theories
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Issac Newton
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Maker of eyeglasses
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Zacharias Jansen
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creater of microscope
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Leuvenhook
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mercury barometer
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Torrocelli
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American system of measurement
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Fahrenheit
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greek physician who studied the anatomy of pigs
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Galen
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proved Galen wrong, studied corpses
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Versalius
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Continued Versalius' Work
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William Harvey
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Modern chemistry theory
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Robert Boyle
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Individual freedom
civilization corrupted natural goodness |
Jean Jaques Rousecu
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Political liberty, Studied Ancient Rome. Separation of powers
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Montisquieu
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"revolutions of Heavenly bodies"
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copernicus
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Starry messenger
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Galileo
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Concerning 2 Chief World Systems
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy |
Issac Newton
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On the fabric of a human body
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Galen
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On the motion of the heart and blood in animals
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Harvey
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The Skeptical Chemist
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Boyle
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Levianthon
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Hobbes
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On the spirit of laws
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Montisquiue
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The Social contract
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Rasseau
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On Crimes and Punishment
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Beccaria
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A serious Proposal to ladies
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Mary Astell
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Vindication of the rights of women
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wollstonecraft
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Marriage of Figaro
dan Giovanni Magic Flute |
Mozart
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his personal encyclopedia
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Diderot
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Robinson Crusoe
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Defoe
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monarchs who embraced Enlightenment ideas and reformed
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Enlightened Despots
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1. system of feudalism left over from the Middle Ages
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Old Regime
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About __ percent of the people in France belonged to the Third Estate
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98
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Peasants paid about half their income in dues to who?
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nobles, tithes to the church, and taxes to the king's agents.
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_____ _____ made it impossible to conduct business profitably within France.
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Heavy taxes
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Louis had married his wife, _____ __________, when he was 15 and she was 14.
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Marie Antoinette
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As queen, Marie spent so much money on gowns, jewels, and gifts that she became known as ______ _______
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Madame Deficit.
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i. an assembly of representatives from all three estates
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Estates general
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This Estate was made up of mostly members of the bourgeoisie whose views had been shaped by the Enlightenment
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3rd Estate
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Who said "What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been up to now in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand? To become something herein."
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Abbe Sieves
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a. Third Estate delegates who pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people.
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National Assembly
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a. the Third Estate delegates found themselves locked out of their meeting room. They broke down a door to an indoor tennis court, pledging to stay until they had drawn up a new constitution
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Tennis court Oath
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How did Louis try to make peace with the 3rd Estate
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Louis tried to make peace with the Third Estate by yielding to the National Assembly's demands.
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The Prison that the people of France overtook to get Gunpowder to "defend" their city
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Bastille
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1. wild rumors circulated that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants.
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great fear
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What are the rights that were stated in France's Declaration of the rights of man
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liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression
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2. However, the Declaration of the Rights of Man did not apply to _____
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Women
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What drove a wedge between the peasants and the bourgeoisie's relations.
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The combining of Church and State
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in June 1791, Louis and his family tried to escape from France to where?
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the Austrian Netherlands.
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How was Louis caught escaping?
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A postmaster recognized him from currency and had him returned to Paris under guard
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The National Assembly created what kind of Government?
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limited constitutional monarchy
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a. This assembly had the power to create laws and to approve or prevent any war the king declared on other nations
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the Legislative Assembly
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what caused the Revolution's leaders to turn against one another?
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Angry cries for more liberty, more equality, and more bread
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nobles and others who had fled France during the peasant uprisings
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Emigres
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On the extreme left, the most radical group was
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the sans-culottes
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In 1792, the French were faced not only with reforms at home but also with what?
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a disastrous foreign war
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French radicals hoped to spread _____ __________ to all the peoples of Europe.
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their revolution
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2. When Austria and Prussia proposed that France put Louis back on the throne, the Legislative Assembly responded by:...
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declaring war on Austria in April 1792.
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_______ later joined Austria in the war against the French in 1792.
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Prussia
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d. On July 25,1792, the Prussian commander threatened to destroy Paris if...
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the revolutionaries harmed any member of the royal family.
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5. The new French governing body, elected in September of 1792, called itself the...
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National Convention.
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3. In France, The most radical club in 1792 was the
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Jacobin Club
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During the Revolt he edited a radical newspaper. His fiery edit called for "five or six hundred heads cut off` France of the enemies of the Revolution
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Paul Marat
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The delegates reduced Louis XVI's role, from that of a king to that of a
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common citizen and prisoner.
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1. The new republic (France)'s first problem was
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the continuing war with Austria and Prussia.
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2. Early in 1793, Great Britain, Holland, and Spain joined Prussia and Austria in an alliance known as
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the First Coalition
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6. From July 1793 to July 1794, __________ governed France nearly as a dictator, and the period of his rule became known as the Reign of Terror.
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Robespierre
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a. The most famous victim of the French Terror was...
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Marie Antoinette.
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7. During the Terror, approximately 3,000 people were executed in Paris. Some historians believe that as many as 40,000 were killed all together. About __ percent were peasants or members of the urban poor or middle class—common people for whose benefit the Revolution had supposedly been carried out.
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85
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i. By July 1794, the members of the National Convention knew that none of them were safe from Robespierre. So what did they do to make themselves safe?
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Turned against him
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v. The third since 1789, the new constitution placed power firmly in the hands of the upper middle class and called for a two-house legislature and an executive body of five men, known as the...
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Directory
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i. was born in 1769 on the Mediterranean island of Corsica.
ii. When he was nine years old, his parents sent him to a military school in northern France. iii. In 1785, at the age of 16, he finished school and became a lieutenant in the artillery |
i. Napoleon Bonaparte
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In October 1795, Because of his _________, Napoleon Bonaparte became the hero of the hour and was hailed throughout Paris as the savior of the French republic.
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cannonade
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c. In 1796, the Directory appointed Napoleon to lead a French army against the forces of _______ and the Kingdom of ________.
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Austria, Sardinia
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Where was Napoleon's Army finally shut down?
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Egypt by the British
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2. Upon Napoleon's return from Egypt, the ____ ______ urged him to seize political power
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Abbe Sieyes
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1. vote of the people
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ii. Plebiscite
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1. Under Napoleon, France would have _____ and _________
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Order and Stability
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What was Napoleon's First order of business as ruler
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3. The first order of business was to get the economy on a solid footing.
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government-run public schools.
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lycees
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what gained Napoleon the support of the organized church as well as the majority of the French people.
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his concordat with the church
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Napoleon's system of laws
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Napoleonic Code.
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9. Although the code gave the country a uniform set of laws and eliminated many injustices, it actually limited _______ and promoted order and authority over individual ______.
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liberty, rights
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a. The code took away some rights that women had won during the Revolution, such as:
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the right to sell their property
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This napoleonic code also brought back what abolished practice
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slavery
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a. Napolean grabbed the crown out of the Pope’s hands, symbolizing that
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he was more important than the church.
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What erupted the french Civil war
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a. Eventually slaves in the colony of Dominique had demanded their freedom.
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2. In 1801, Napoleon decided to regain French control of the slaves and restore its productive sugar industry. Although he sent 23,000 soldiers to accomplish the task, the former slaves proved to be difficult to defeat, and thousands of soldiers died of
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Yellow Fever
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The Only Major Battle that napoleon ever lost
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the Battle of Trafalgar
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a. The destruction of the French fleet had two major results, what were they?
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i. First, it assured the supremacy of the British navy for the next hundred years.
ii. Second, it forced Napoleon to give up his plans of invading Britain. |
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2. By 1812, the only major European countries free from Napoleon's control were:
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Britain, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Sweden
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the powerful countries of ______, _______, _______ were loosely attached to Napoleon's empire through alliances.
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Russia, Prussia, and Austria
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i. Napoleon's own ___________ proved to be the greatest danger to the future its empire
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Personality
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1. In November 1806, Napoleon signed a document ordering a ________, This was called the continental system because...
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blockade, it was supposed to make continental Europe more self-sufficient
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1. In 1808, Napoleon made a second costly mistake. Because ________ was ignoring the Continental System, he sent an army through Spain to invade________
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Portugal (x2)
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4. Because the French Revolution had weakened, the Catholic Church in France, many Spanish Catholics feared that
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their French conquerors would undermine the church in Spain.
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ii. Battle of Leipzig
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where napoleon is defeated
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Absolutism is a ______ to anarchy
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remedy
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a. a deep devotion to one's nation.
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Nationalism
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3. By the turn of the 20th century, a fierce rivalry indeed had developed among Europe's Great Powers. Those nations were
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a. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France.
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_____ _______ was the home to the industrial revolution
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Great Britain
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This nation challenged Britain's power for most industrial nation
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Germany
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2. In 1905 and again in 1911, Germany and France nearly fought over who Would control _______, in northern Africa
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Morocco
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1. By 1914, all the Great Powers except _______ had large standing armies.
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Britain
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1. Between 1864 and 1871, Prussia's blood-and-iron chancellor, ____ ___ ________, freely used war to unify Germany
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Otto von Bismarck
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2. After 1871, however, Bismarck declared Germany to be a "_________ _____."
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Satisfied power
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4. Bismarck saw ______ as the greatest threat to peace
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France
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6. In 1879, Bismarck formed the Dual Alliance between Germany and ______-_______
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Austria-Hungary
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Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Italy
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Triple Alliance
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b. In 1887, Bismarck took yet another possible ally away from France by making a treaty with
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Russia
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a. In 1890, ______ _______ __—who two years earlier had become ruler of Germany—forced Bismarck to resign.
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Kaiser Wilhelm II
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Britain, France, and Russia
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Triple Entente
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i. With a long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes, the _______ were known as the "powder keg" of Europe
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Balkans
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In the early 1900's, ______ hoped to absorb all the Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula. In addition, both Russia and Austria-Hungary had hoped to fill the power vacuum created by the _______ decline in the Balkans.
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Serbia, Ottoman
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The Killer of Archduke Ferdinand was
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Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old member of the Black Hand.
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a secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule
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The Black Hand
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list of demands that if not met, will lead to serious consequences.
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Ultimatum
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The German defense Plan where a large part of the German army would race west, to defeat France, and then return to fight Russia in the east.
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The Schlieffen plan
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Germany and Austria-Hungary were known as
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The Central Powers
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Great Britain, France, and Russia, Japan, and Italy were known as
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The Allied Powers
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This deadlocked region in northern France in WWI
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Western front
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Where do the Central Powers gain advantage on the Eastern Front
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Tannenberg
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a. A promising strategy seemed to be to attack a region in the Ottoman Empire known as the Dardanelles. By securing the Dardanelles, the Allies believed that they could take Constantinople, defeat the Turks, and establish a supply line to Russia. They might even be able to mount an offensive into the Austrian heartland by way of the Danube River.
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The Gallipoli Campaign
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Germany and Russia signed the Treaty of _____-_______, which ended the war between them.
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Brest-Litovsk
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6. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk required the Russian government to surrender lands to Germany that now include
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Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
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Who were the Big 4
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1. Woodrow Wilson of the United States,
2. Georges Clemenceau of France, 3. David Lloyd George of Great Britain, and 4. Vittorio Orlando of Italy. |
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a. The five Allied powers—............—were to be permanent members of the league's Executive Council
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the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan
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