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913 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
how much of the population was of the money class
1/2 %
Who was in the money class
"Merchants, bankers, etc"
Who stimulated the Renaissance
"Nobility, and merchant class"
"besides the nobility and merchant classes, who stimulates the Renaissance"
Leisure
what is virtu
the quality of being a man
noblesse oblige
obligation of the nobles to give back to the city
Who were the most famous humanists
Erasmus of Rotterdam and Thomas More
What family is Henry VIII from
Tudor
Which writers started writing in Vernacular
Italians
to which countries did Vernacular shift to?
England and France
Behavior for a particular situation
Courtesy
"Who wrote ""Book of a Christian Knight'"
Erasmus
"who wrote ""Praise of a Folly"""
Erasmus
Statecraft
to lead
"Who writes ""the prince"""
Niccolo Machiavelli
"Who writes ""The Courtier"""
Castiglione
What were the dates of the Renaissance
1300-1600
Why was Europe not as up to date with the Renaissance?
because of the 100 years war between France and England
What brought economic changes to the Renaissance
the Bubonic plague
What brought economic changes to the Renaissance
the Bubonic plague
"Money performs three jobs, name two of them?"
"Measure of value, medium of exchange, store of wealth"
Easy to carry
portable
long lasting
durable
Breaks into different units?
Divisible
Easy to recognize; hard to fake?
Distinguishable
Everybody wants it?
Desirable
Not everybody can get it?
Scarce
Natural mixture of gold and silver?
Electrum
Place where first coins were made
Lydia
What image was stamped on the first coins?
Lion and bull image.
Where was the first paper money(bank note) actually created?
china
What was the first paper money in North America?
french troops in canada paid with playing cards
First official money in the U.S. in 1795 was what coin?
liberty dollar
First plastic non-credit card money was made where?
Australia
"In 1936, what U.S. bullion depository became the main storehouse for gold reserves?"
Fort knox
16. In the Bible Joseph was sold into slavery for how much?
20 shekels of silver or 8 ounces of silver
17. What modern country calls its currency the shekel
Israel
18. What type of edge solved the problem of people clipping tiny bits of a coin off the edge?
Ridged or milled
19. What English word comes from the Latin term salirius-meaning of salt?
Salary
21. Today money is backed only by people's faith in the government. This is known as
Fiat Money
22. Since what year did the US begin moving away from the gold standard
1933
23. What is the longest used currency in history
Cowrie shells
24. Cowrie shells were first used in what country?
China
. What is the famous form of money used on the island of Yap in Mocronesia?
Stone Disks
26. What was the largest sized disk?
12 ft
27. What form of money was faked or counterfeited in Mexico's Aztec empire?
cacao beans
28.The United States of America 20 USA 20 appears in small print known as?
microprinting
29. The $20 dollar bill has color-shifting ink. It shifts from copper to?
green
30. What color does the security thread on the 20 dollar bill glow under ultraviolet light?
Green
31. On what bill in the booklet did they show that a counterfeiter had glued a raised 10$ number?
$1
32. US bills are made of 25% linen and 75%?
cotton
What government agency fights counterfeiting?
Secret Serviec
34. Name of the government bureau that prints dollar bills?
Bureau of Printing and Engraving
35. How many Federal Reserve banks are there
12
36. In what month do bank managers order the most bills from the Federal Reserve?
December
37. What do the letters ATM stand for?
Automated teller Machine
38. How many tons of ink does the Bureau of Print and Engraving use everyday?
18
39. What is the name of a paper form that instructs a bank to pay a specific amount of money to someone?
check
40. Incidents like the tulip mania in Holland are known as
Financial Bubbles
41. The word money comes from a Roman goddess named?
Moneta
42. What is Moneta the goddess of?
Warning
43. Where was the biggest robbery in history?
England-2.6 million pounds--$50 Train Robbery
44. Stealing someone's social security number and pretending to be them is?
Identity Theft
"45. Who was the Confederate army officer who was saved by a coin from a bullet, but then died on a submarine"
Lt. Geo Dixon
46. How was a penny used in the underground railroad?
Notched to show slave could be helped
47. Why did some Canadians think the 1954 $1 bill was evil.
because there seemed to be a demon in the Queen's hair
48. Coins minted during the reign of who were prized for Chinese coin swords
Kangxi (1662-1722)
49. Chinese burn fake money known as?
Hell Money
50. Why did the Greeks put a coin under the tongue of a corpse?
"? To pay Charon, the ferryman to take body over the river Styx to Hades"
51. Do US merchants have to accept under 100 pennies?
no. they dont even have to accept pennys
52. T/F: Putting a penny on a train track will derail the train
FALSE
53. How much in credit card debt have Americans racked up?
Over 700 billion
54. What % of US money deals are transacted electronically
90
Another name for electronic money
e-money
55. How do banks make money?
By charging higher interest to borrowers than interest paid to depositors.
56. How much is a 1955 double-image penny worth today?
"$15,000 "
How much is a 1986 Michael Jordan trading card worth?
$500
Was the uniform currency during the civil war called?
green backs
E Pluribus Unum
One Out Of Many
First known money
600 BC Lydian Electrum coins
First Paper Money
810 AD - Chinese
"Early humans used this as a form of money, they exchanged goods"
barter
Bronze cast in the shape of miniature household tools and farm implements became a widely accepted form of Chinese currency as early as the 10th century BC
I Pi Ch'ien (Ant nose money)
First and Oldest form of Commodity Money
Cattle
Where was the concept of banking first created
Babylon
Shell of a mollusk in the Pacific&Indian Oceans used as a currency
Cowrie Shell
Most widely and longest used currency
Cowrie shell
What was the First Metal Money
Bronze & Copper cowrie imitations in 1000BC
Why were there holes in some money
"to make an early ""wallet"" by hanging the money on a string"
Where and When were the first coins from
Lydia around 650 BC
What were the first coins made out of
Electrum
What kind of coins were created in Athens in 405BC
Bronze
Whats a Giro
credit transaction
What was France's currency that was dedicated to the Goddess Moneta in 390BC?
Gauls
Who reforms the Roman Monetary system to pure gold and silver coins?
Augustus
What is a price freeze?
when there are no adjustments to the price in order to re-stabilize the economy
What is considered a forerunner to paper money
chinese leather money
What was the Chinese leather money made out of?
White deer-skin
What was the first bank note?
Chinese leather money
When would the Danes slit your nose?
When your poll tax was not paid
During which Chinese Dynasty was the first paper money created?
T'ang
When did the Knights Templars go on?
The Crusades
What was the Knights Templars
A banking network
What was the Florin a forerunner to?
the Euro
who started the Florin
several Italian States
What kind of coins were the Florins?
Gold
Where was the Florin minted?
Florence
When and where was the Medici Bank created?
"1397 in Florence, Italy"
Who was the Medici's biggest client?
the Vatican
Who was the most famous Medici
Lorenzo Medici
When and by who was the printing press invented?
1440 by Johannas Gutenburg
What were the letters that were being printed organized in?
a movable type
What kind of money did the Printing press print?
Coins
What is a Potlatch
An indian Celebration where gifts are exchanged
How much gold was found from the spanish gold ruch per year
1000-1500 KG./Year
Where was all of this gold from the Spanish gold age coming from?
"""The New World"""
What is a Wampum?
An indian string of white clam shells
Who were the wampums made by?
native tribes in North America
What was the major inconvience with tobacco notes?
Portability
What was the tobacco note similar to?
The Chinese deerskin banknote?
Where did the tulip bulbs originate
Turkey
"When the tulip bubble bursts, how low was the price of the tulip bulbs"
1/20th of the original price
in 1776 who said yes to paper money
Adam Smith
what is hyperinflation
excessive inflation
Where did the cowrie shell inflation take place
Uganda: 1800-1860
When did the use of paper money start becoming dominant?
At the end of the Great Acceleration
What were the dominations of the Kirghiz Horse Money
"""Horses: Main Money, Lambskins: Small Change"""
Who were the Kirghiz relatives of
Relatives of the Mughals
How many Federal Reserve banks are there
12
In what city were small loans lent out in 1928
New York City
Which country was hit hardest during the great depression
Germany
What was the first charge card
1950 diners club card
Which group of people was the charge available to
the very Affluent
Where was the first mall located
"Edina, MN"
In the middle of 1997 about how many malls were there
"37,000"
What is the digital code for money
$
Who used rice as money
China
Who used Dog's teeth as money
New Guinea
Who used Small tools as money
China
Who used Quartz pebbles as money
ghana
who used Gambling Counters
Hong Kong
Who used Cowrie shells the most
india
who used metal disks as money
Tibet
Who used limestone disks as money
Yap island
How much of the global economy did India have
25%
Who were the Mughals descendants of?
Monguls
What city did the Mughals come from?
"Kabul, Afghanistan"
Who was the first leader of the Mughals?
Babur
What age did Babur take power?
12
What city did Babur target
Delhi
Who was the ruler of Delhi when Babur decided to target it
Ibraham Lodi
Which battle did Babur defeat Lodi for Delhi
Pannipat
What was the strategic position Babur held against Lodi's 100000 men with Babur's 12000?
Funnel
What weapons did Babur and his men use to defeat Lodi?
"Composite bows, light cannon, muskets, and cavalry"
What did Babur use the enormous wealth of Delhi for?
to fund his conquer of Northern India
Which valuable diamond was found in Delhi and how many carrots was it?
"""The Kohinoor diamond"" 180 carrots"
What was the symbol of Mughal occupation at their complexes
water gardens
How Many quadrants did the water of the water gardens flow into?
4
What did the 4 quadrants represent?
The four rivers that flow into paradise in the Quran.
Who was the Mughal Ruler after Babur
Akbar
What were the Hindu Princes called?
Rajputs
What was Akbar's weapon of choice?
Armored elephants
Above ground covered passageways are called what?
Sabats
How many civilians did Akbar's troops slay during the Chittor siege
"30,000"
What was the new capital city built under Akbar?
Fatehpur Sikri
What was Fatehpur Sikri built from?
Red Sandstone from a nearby quarry
Why did Akbar isolate his capital
so he could keep a close watch on the work that his people did
How did Akbar get water into Fatehpur Sikri?
Persian Water Wheels
How was Fatehpur Sikri laid out?
like a nomads' camp
What was Akbar's special building for meditation?
Diwan-i-Kas
Who ruled after Akbar?
Shah-Jahan
how many horses did Shah Jahan have
over 5000
"what does ""Shah Jahan"" mean?"
ruler of the world
How did Shah Jahan show his power and wealth?
He built a magnificent throne of Gold and Jewels
What was Shah Jahan's throne called?
the peacock throne
What was Shah Jahan's most significant building project
the Taj Mahal
What was the Taj Mahal?
"a tomb for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal"
Who overthrew Shah Jahan?
Auran-Gzeb his son
What did Tipu sultan rely on to fight the British
Guerilla warfare and special rockets
Who is named the empress of India?
Queen Victoria
What were the Mughals masters of
the battlefield
Who were the mughals descendants of
Genghis Khan
How old was Babur when he inherited the Mughals
12
How many men did Babur have compared to Delhi
"12,000 to 100,000"
From how far away was the composite bow lethal?
100 yards
How fast could a composite bow be shot
1 arrow every 5 seconds
What was needed to string the composite bow?
immense force
"What was the ""Mid-Evil Machine gun""?"
The English Longbow
How long was the English Longbow?
Over 6 ft
What was the initial speed of an arrow being shot from an English Longbow?
135 mph
What was the speed of an arrow shot from an English Longbow at its destination
90 mph
What were three things the Mughal Bow was made of?
"Cow Tendon, Mango Tree, Glue"
What was the most important process of bow-making
sinuing
What was the range of the Mughal Cannon?
1300 Yards
What was the average length of the Mughal Cannon
7-8 feet
What was the mughal cannon cast out of
bronze
How did Delhi acquire all of its wealth
it was left by previous empires
What was the most precious thing to the Mughals
Water
"""palaces without walls"""
water gardens
conquering what Kingdom was the key to ruling India
Rajastan
What was the wealthiest place in Rajastan that Akbar wanted to conquer
Chittor
What made Chittor a key weapons producing area?
The Steel
Why did the Rajput Kitar have a thicker blade near the point
to force apart a would
How long was the rajput Kitar
from 3 inches to 3 ft
What steel was the Kitar made of which happened to be the best in the world
Damascus Steel
How was Damascus Steel produced?
By welding high carbon steel and low carbon steel together
"""Tanks of Akbar's Time"""
Elephants
What did Akbar believe was the key to military success?
armored elephants.
What did the elephant armor consist of
chainmail covered with metal plates
How many people rode on an elephant
3
why did the driver of the elephant carry a hammer and chizzle
"so that if he lost control of the elephant, he could kill the elephant."
How many elephants did Akbar own
5000
How heavy was the elephant tusk sword
10 pounds
Why were elephants used to carryout executions?
because they could crush and pull apart people very easily
Did Akbar get into Rajastan on the first try?
no
What was Akbar's manmade hill for artillery
Coyne Hill
"When Akbar saw that his cannons could not destroy the walls of the Chittor Fortress, what was his next idea?"
He wanted to plant mines below the fortress walls.
what were Akbar's man made tunnels called?
Sabbats
Why did Akbar's idea to plant mines not work?
"because one of the mines backfired, killing his men"
How long was it before Akbar was victorious at Chittor
less than a day
How many civilians did Akbar slay at Chittor
"30,000"
What did Akbar do with the heads of the civilians that he slayed?
he put them on a tower to display his power
How big did akbar expand the Mughal Empire?
"to 1,000,000 sq miles"
how many matchlocks did Akbar have for his personal use
105
What could be shot from a matchlock if necessary
stones
What was the serpantine?
the part of the matchlock that brought the match down to the powder.
what made the matchlock accurate
the narrow barrel
What were the matchlock barrels made out of
Damascus Steel
what was Akbar's capital city
Fatipuh-Sikri
How long did it take to build Fatipuh-Sikri
16 years
"What ""cage"" did Akbar but his potential rivals"
The isolated city of Fatipuh-Sikri
What did Akbar use to bring the water from the lake to the city
Persian Water Wheels
How was Fatipuh-Sikri laid out
like a nomad's camp
What day would Akbar invite the religious representatives to discuss religious values
Thursday
What was the place Akbar built for his wives and concubines?
Harem Garden
What caused Akbar to move his capital again
Instability in the Northwest
Why was Fatipuh-Sikri abandoned
Lack of Water
What started Shah Jahan's rule?
"In 1614, he took 24,000 horses to Mewar to subdue the city to Mughal Beliefs"
What was unique about the Mewari horses?
Their ears were pointed inward and they would bring back lost riders
What must horses be able to do to be used in battle
tolerate much motion around their heads.
How long did it take to train a Mughal horseman
10 years
"What was more important to the Mughals, horsemanship or Archery?"
horsemanship
What did Shah Jahan and Akbar both do the same as soon as they came into power
had all potential rivals eliminated
What was the name of Shah Jahan's throne which is worth about $1 Billion today?
Peacock throne
how many concubines did Shah Jahan Have?
5000
What was unique about Shah Jahan's palaces?
They were very wealth oriented with expensive rugs and jewels
What was Shah Jahan's greatest achievement?
The Taj Mahal
What was the Taj Mahal for
It was a tomb for Shah Jahan's beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal
When and How did Mumtaz Mahal die?
In 1631 - Mysteriously while giving birth to their 14th child
How long did it tke to build the Taj Mahal
2 years
What is on either side of the Taj
A Mosque and and an assembly hall
"After the Taj was complete, what did Shah Jahan do to the workers and why?"
Shah Jahan cut off the hands of the workers so that could never build anything rivaling the Taj's beauty
What is the actual Black Taj?
A reflection of the Taj from Shah Jahan's water garden across the river from the Taj
How did Shah Jahan lose his power
He fell ill in September of 1567
Who imprisoned Shah Jahan in conquest for his power
Auran-Gzeb
Where was the extremely large cannon
Jigar Fort
what was a cannon made of
solid metal
What drove the drill that created the cannon barrel
Oxen
How long could the Jigar Fort Cannon shoot?
15 Miles
What brought the Mughal empire to its peak
The Series of battles to capture Golconda
At which siege did the Mughals finally encounter competition
Golconda Siege
What was the town of Golconda known for?
Its diamonds
How was the principal of diamond cutting applied to architecture
"It created a warning sound in the fort by clapping. When one clapped in a certain spot, it could be heard miles away. So clapping was used as a warning sound"
What did the Mughals do after dark to attempt to breach the Golcondian walls?
put up wooden structures against the walls to try to climb over them
What tested the Mughals to see how prepared they were at the siege of Golconda?
"Famine, Flood, and Disease"
How long did the siege of Golconda take
8 months
How did the Mughals win the siege of Golconda
"by trickery, one of the soldiers was bribed to leave open a gate in the wall for the Mughals to pour in"
how large was the Mughal empire at its height
1.25 Million sq Miles
How Big was the door to the Golcondian Fort
13 ft high and 20 ft wide
How much of the world's population was made up of the mughals?
25%
How many regional states did the Mughal empire decline into
3
Who arrived to take back their dream of taking India's riches
Europeans
What kingdom was Tipur-Sultan from
Mysore
What made the British surrender in the battle of Pollilar?
The rocket setting fire to an ammunition cart
Who carried on the rockets of Tipu
The British
What is a Jizya
The tax on non muslims and hindus developed by Akbar
To desire
Covet
One originating or coming from an ancestral source
Descendant
"one of the vast, usually level and treeless tracts in southeastern Europe or Asia"
steppe
able to be discovered or noticed
detectable
rate of sloping ascent or descent. Inclination
Gradient
"something that provides refuge, relief, or pleasant contrast"
oasis
Any of the four quarters into which something is divided by two real or imaginary lines that intersect each other at right angles
Quadrant
to lessen the courage of
daunt
to designate in advance
destine
a place strengthened and secured for defensive purposes
fortress
"well known, famous"
legendary
goods and other items taken by force
plunder
the number of something to make a thing complete
complement
involving or characterized by hard or toilsome effort
laborious
the capability of a strained body to recover its size and shape
resilience
a headed pin or bolt of metal used for uniting two or more pieces
rivet
"not distant, nearby"
adjacent
to make a gap in
breach
to weaken the morale of
demoralize
to put on (article of clothing)
don
a military post
garrison
a type of musket requiring a slow burning match to ignite its charge
matchlock
a moderate orange to orange-yellow color
saffron
excessively dry
arid
an act characterized by lack of good sense
folly
A man of elevated rank
grandee
to overlay with or as if with a thin covering of gold
gild
deprived of natural moisture
parched
an artificial lake where water is collected
reservoir
sympathy or indulgence with beliefs or practices differing or conflicting with one's own
tolerance
a thing of little value
bauble
to make firm or secure
consolidate
"marked by flawless craftmanship or by beautiful, ingenious, delicate, or elaborate execution"
exquisite
of little weight or importance
frivolous
a semiprecious stone that is usually rich blue
lapis lazuli
having magical properties
mystic
something that serves as an example
precedent
a change that does not destroy the original
alteration
someone or something that causes wonder or astonishment
marvel
a large tomb
mausoleum
a tall slender tower od a mosque where the prayer is cried
minaret
a raised platform
podium
to forbid by authority
prohibit
a source of relief
solace
a company of travelers
caravan
individual war units carrying out harassment
guerilla warfare
to conquer and bring into subjection
subdue
having the same connotations
synonymous
to destroy
devastate
to guard from death
immortalize
involved in the essential character of something
inherent
rebellion
insurrection
highest of authority
supremacy
"""History is a _________, a story of people and events"""
narrative
"history is a _____, more fascinating than fiction"
story
"History is a _______, a vehicle for teaching skills"
process
History written to appeal
popular history
the ability and willingness to stand in another person's shoes and make comparisons across time and culture
perspective
the meaning of which each of us gives into the past and the way that we apply that meaning to interpret the the present and consider the future
personal philosophy
Who created the 8 eras of history
Professor G.M. Roberts of Oxford University
Pre History-3500 BC
Pre-History
How many stone ages were there and what were their names
"2:
What in 6000 BC was a major advancement
Agricultural beginnings
3500-500 BC
The First Civilizations Era
"In what era was writing, coins, complex religion, organized governments, and monumental architecture created"
The First Civilizations
In what era was the wheel invented?
Pre-History
What era were the philosophers Plato and Aristotle from?
The Classical Mediterranean
500BC-500AD
The Classical Mediterranean
what era are standing armies from
The Classical Mediterranean
"What era is democracy, Christianity, and Roman Law from?"
The Classical Mediterranean
500-1500
Age of Diverging Traditions
What is the other name for the Age of Diverging Traditions
Era of Fragmentation
What triggered the Era of Fragmentation
Falling of Rome in 476
What is Europe referred to during the Age of Diverging traditions
the Christendom
efforts by Christian Kingdom of Europe to reclaim lands from Muslims and Jerusalem
The Crusades
Government ruled by religious leadership
Theocracy
What were the Pope's political power's
Taxes and Excommunication
In what era did the Great Schism happen?
The Age of Diverging Traditions
1500-1800
The Making of a European Age
"in what era did the Protestant Reformation, The Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment happen?"
The Making of a European Age
"Who wrote ""The Wealth of Nations"""
Adam Smith
1800-1900 AD
The Great Acceleration
1800-1815
The Napoleon Era
In what era did the Congress of Vienna happen?
The Great Acceleration
In what era did the Industrial Revolution happen
The Great Acceleration
In what era was communism/socialism founded
The Great Acceleration
In what era was the Theory of Evolution created
The Great Acceleration
In what era did the American Civil War happen
The Great Acceleration
In what era did the Age of Imperialism happen
The Great Acceleration
1900-1945 AD
The End of the European's World
"What ends ""The End of the European's World"""
The dropping of the atomic bomb
1945-2010+
Present Era
Right to vote
Franchise
Rule over a territory
Sovereignty
someone who rules
Sovereign
What were the tactics for the Siege of Constantinople
"1. Surround and Cut-off
Independent Military leader who hires out their army
Condottieri
Who were the two military powers in the Valois wars
The French and the Hapsburgs (Spanish and Austrians)
When do the Valois wars start?
In 1484 when France conquerors the kingdom of Naples
When does the sack of Rome occur
1527
"obtained by stealth, stealthy"
Surreptitiously
"strong, stern, fierce anger"
wrath
A secret agreement
collusion
strikingly bold or brilliant
flamboyant
A person who is often in attendance of a court or a king
courtier
"a braid of hair, or people in a line or file"
queue
To depart in a sudden or secret matter
absconded
"villainous, or a villain"
miscreant
a person or thing being detested or loathed
anathema
the right to vote (not franchise)
suffrage
A woman who is a secondary wife for sexual purposes
concubine
the quality or state of being a monarch
sovereignty
to outline or portray in words
delineate
to become spread throughout all parts of
pervasive
"having the position of a guardian of a person, place, or thing"
tutelary
"resembling, seeming, virtual"
quasi
filled with bizarre or subjective ideas
gonzo
pertaining to a seed
seminal
"a self-seeking, servile flatterer, Travis Cully"
Sycophant
where in the world a certain area is
Location
point of latitude and longitude
absolute location
a description of where something in terms of other areas
relative location
Two major instances of fiduciary money are
"checking accounts
What does a federal reserve bank control?
the amount of reserves and the reserve ratios
What was the peak city population of Constantinople
1 Million People
Who failed a siege of Constantinople in 1422
Sultan Murad II
How many defenders were there of Constantinople
"10,000"
Who led the Byzantine forces in the defending of Constantinople
Emperor Constantine XI
"arrogant and aggressive Sultan, ruled at age 19"
Mehmet II
What was Mehmet II's nickname
Mehmet the conqueror
Holy Warrior
Ghazi
How long was the Theodosian Land Wall
3.5 miles
"what was the ""Throat Cutter"" during the Siege of Constantinople"
Fort Boghaz-Kesen. prevented shipping supplies from getting through Genoese vessel
what side did the papacy take in the Siege of Constantinople
neither
on what day did the siege of Constantinople take place
"April 1, 1453"
Who created the cannons for Mehmet II
Urban of Transylvania
How many people were in Mehmet's total guard
"100,000-150,000"
Which grand admiral of Mehmet's gets demoted to a common sea-man after a small Italian merchant breaks through the barrier
Suleyman Balthoghlu
How does Mehmet II eventually get into the city
by carrying his ships around Galata
Who leads the flooding of the Ottoman tunnels
Scotsman - Sir John Grant
What were the three bad omens for Constantinople
"bad weather - fog
Who found the open door in the Theodosian wall
Bashi-bazouks
Until what year were the Ottomans a threat to Europe
1683
How many days was Constantinople allowed to be looted?
3
The systematic recovery and study of material evidence
Archaeology
who dug up king Tut's tomb in 1622
Howard Carter
"the scientific study of the origins, behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of human beings"
Anthropology
"Greek word - ""anthropos"""
human beings
"Who wrote ""The Coming of Age of Samoa"""
Margaret Mead
"the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services"
economics
the Study of of the Nature of God and religious truth
Theology
"The study of Human social behavior, especially the study of the origins, organizations, institutions, and demography of human society"
Sociology
The study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on earth
Geography
"the study of the processes, principles, and structure of a government and of political institutions."
Political Science
The science that deals with mental processes and behavior
Psychology
inquiry into the nature of things based on logical reasoning
Philosophy
One of the most influential cities of the 15th century world and seemed invulnerable
Constantinople
Turks who took over Constantinople
Ottomans
What were Osman's followers called
Ottomans
What was Osman's military success largely based on?
Gunpowder
What signaled a new turkish empire was on the rise?
the capture of Adrainople
Young Men forced into the army
Janissaries
Where did Selim the Grim defeat the Safavids
The battle of Chaldiran
Who ruled during the peak of the Ottomans?
Suleiman I
Who was the only man to ever come close to rivaling Suleiman I's power
"Charles V, head of the Hapsburg Empire"
An exchange of education for soldiers
Devshirme
Who conquerors Persia and confronts Selim the Grim
Is'Mail
5 pillars of Islam...
"Faith
What was the repeating mistake of most Muslim rulers
Killing off all able rulers to succeed them
who founded the Safavids
Safi-Al-Bin
What promoted cultural blending
"Migration
Which side of Muslim did the Safavids align themselves by
Shi'ite
What was Is'Mail's capital city
Isfahan
What is the fastest growing religion?
Muslim
Where were the Ottomans from and what branch of Islam were they
"Turkey, Sunni"
Where were the Safavids from
"Iran, Iraq"
Who was the first leader of the Ottomans
Osman
Who was the second leader of the Ottomans
Orkhan I
"Intellectual center of the Muslim world, Captured by Selim the Grim"
Cairo
Who created the mosque of Suleiman
Sinan of Albania
What marks the Official end of the Ottoman empire
World War I
Who led the Safavids after Isma'il
Shah Abbas
What caused industry and art to florish during the reign of Shah Abbas
Relations with Europe
What enabled the rebuilding of Isfahan
All the art present
What were the Safavids most known for?
Persian Carpets
Who was the first leader of the Safavids
Isma'il
"This ""Grasper of the World"" was a rather weak ruler and left the affairs of the state to his wife"
Jahangir
Jahangir's wife who did most of the ruling
Nur Jahan
"A non-violent religious group whose doctrines blended Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism who sheltered Khusrau after he was ousted by Nur Jahan"
Sikhs
What led to growth of large city-states in Northern Italy
Overseas Trade
Who became patrons of the arts through their financial supports
The popes
"A combination of Janism, Hinduism, Christianisty, and Sufism"
The Divine Faith created by Akbar
He helped with Frescos and the Sistine Chapel"
Botticelli
Venus and Mars"
Botticelli
1519-converted to Protestantism"
Durer
Painted Many Portraits"
van Eyck
Known for his work in Bas Relief"
Donatello
Madonna"
Donatello
"Humanist, born to the Lombard Family, who was educated in Latin and Greek"
Castiglione
"Wrote many books with Sentimental values, one in particular was the ""Book of Courtier"""
Castiglione
"Through his three periods of Literary Activity, this man wrote in vernacular English and was captured during the siege of Rhodes"
Chaucer
Beoli of Duchess"
Chaucer
"Friend of Brunelleschi, this Tuscan painter was the first to use Scientific Perspective and created and was known for Frescos"
Masaccio
Virgin Mary"
Masaccio
This sculptor/goldsmith traveled to Rome with Donatello to study ancient Ruins for inspiration
Brunelleschi
lantern at the Santa Maria Del Fiore"
Brunelleschi
This Sculptor was arrested for Murder and was at the Sack of Rome in 1527
Cellini
Silera"
Cellini
This portrait painter was talented in Frescos and his Paintings were rich in color
Titian
Veins of Urbine"
Titian
"This ""supreme poet"" was a member of the White Guelphs"
Dante
Monarchia"
Dante
Member of diplomatic court"
Machiavelli
Discorsi"
Machiavelli
Father of political science
Machiavelli
Tomb of the Medicis"
Michelangelo
This Father of Humanism studied lower Montpellier
Petrarch
Hinererium"
Petrarch
Adoration of the Magi"
Raphael
Last Supper"
Da Vinci
Greatest Architect at High Renaissance
Bramante
Templesso"
Bramante
"Arch-rivals with Brunelleschi, created the doors at the Baptistry of San Giovanni"
Ghilberti
A Peasant Wedding"
Bruegel
What did the Reformation begin as?
A religious protest
A divinely ordained structure in which the two rulers played equal but different roles
Holy Roman Empire
How were the Emperor and the Pope chosen for office
election
How many princes elected the Emperor and of what nationality were they?
"7, German"
"In theory, the _______ was supposed to be the bodyguard of the _______"
"Emperor, Pope"
"Until when did the ""States of the Church"" exist as a country"
19th century
What was the Marburg Colloquia
A Meeting of Protestant Leaders
What helped to spread the secular ideas of the Renaissance
the printing press
What was the Pope unable to do in germany
impose central authority
What was the corruption in the lower clergy
The illiteracy of priests and monks as well as rule breaking
in the late 1300'S and early 1400's which two gentlemen advocated for Church reform
John Wycliffe and Jan Hus
This Italian friar preached fiery sermons to Florence only to be turned upon a year later
Savonarola
Where did Martin Luther teach?
University of Wittenberg
Did luther intend on starting a religious revolution?
no
Who did Luther take a public stand against for his actions
Johann Tetzel
How was Tetzel raising money to rebuild St. Peter's cathedral
selling indulgences
what is an indulgence
a pardon
What were Luther's three main teaching points
"1. People could win salvation only by faith
"Although illegal, who sheltered Luther"
Prince Frederick the wise of Saxony
What agreement decided that the rulers of the German states would decide their own religion
The Peace of Augsburg
what was the church of England called?
the Anglican church
"John Calvin's book about God, salvation, and Human Nature"
Institutes of christian religion
The idea that God already knows when and who someone will be saved
Predestination
The religion based on Calvin's teachings
Calvinism
Scottish preacher who adopted Calvin's teachings
John Knox
Who was the most influential man in the Reformation
John Calvin
What were Calvin's followers called?
Huguenots
Forerunners to Baptists and Quakers
Anabaptists
Who protected John Calvin from being executed for his beliefs while living in France
Marguerite of Navarre
Who started the Catholic Reformation
Ignatius of loyola
What was agreed on at the council of Trent
"""The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final
who was Henry VIII's secret wife?
Anne Boleyn
Did Anne Boleyn bore Henry VIII's son he wanted?
no
Which wife gave Henry VIII a son?
3rd
What was Henry VIII's son named
Edward
"When Knox instilled Calvin's teachings in Scotland, he put a group of laymen in charge of each of the churches. What were these laymen called?"
presbyters
What was the worst outbreak of conflict between Catholics and Huguenots
"August 24, 1572 - St. Bartholomew's Day"
what was the turning point in St. Ignatius' life
in 1521 when he was injured in a war
Who were descendants of the Anabaptists
Amish and Mennonites
What were St. Ignatius' followers called?
Jesuits
What were the three things jesuits focused on
"Education, conversion, and stopping Protestant spreading"
What were the 3 problems for every Pope
"How to maintain political power in Italy
What term was used to refer to the political side of the church
the Papacy
Why was the Papacy stronger than the Empire
it bypassed all national differences and struck its roots deep throughout Europe
What corrupted Popes?
Absolute power and enormous wealth
What was Leo X's real name
Giovanni de'Medici
What was Leo X's famous quote after he was elected pope
"""God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it"""
Did Luther come from wealth
no
At what age did Luther receive his master's degree in philosophy
22
Where did Luther receive his master's degree in philosophy
University at Erfurt
Was Luther's father supportive of his entering the monastery
no
What did Luther want to prove to his father by entering the monastery
his independence
"As a monk, Luther was extremely __________"
Scrupulous
What was Luther's main defense to his encounters with the devil
attack with language then physicality
Who was Luther's superior in the monastery
John Staupitz
When did luther obtain his doctor's degree
1512
In what year was St. Peter's Basilica demolished?
1506
When were the 95-Thesis posted
October of 1517
How much time did the Papacy give Luther to take back what he said before excommunication
60 days
Was Luther actually kidnapped
no
who kidnapped Luther
Men sent by Prince Frederick of Saxony to protect Luther
Who was the man who wanted to discard Catholicism and start a new religion?
Andreas von Karlstadt
Who was the priest who approved of the Zurich citizens eating meat on Ash Wednesday in 1522
Ulrich Zwingli
How successful was the reforming at the Castle of Marburg in 1529
only partly
"Who proclaimed the age of saints, and also wanted to get rid of all rulers and establish his own law"
Thomas Muntzer
"Who labeled Luther ""The Pope of Wittenburg"""
Thomas Muntzer
What religious group did Zwingly start?
the anabaptists
What was the most deadly conflict between Protestants and Catholics
Peasants' War of 1524
Where was the first armed clash between protestants and catholics
Switzerland
"What did the armed conflict of Zurich, Switzerland foreshadow"
the thirty years war
What was the church's weapon to combat heresy
"the inquisition or ""holy office"""
What was the purpose of the council of Trent
to try to find a compromise between protestants and catholics
head of a monastery
abbot
the buying and selling of holy offices
simony
"the bankers of Europe ""Medici's of Germany"""
The Fuggers
what does primogeniter mean
first born gets all inheritance
writer of Utopia
Thomas More
Where was Jan Hus a teacher
University of Prague
What was Jan Hus' book of thoughts called?
DeEcclesia
What were Jan Hus' followers known as?
Hussites
John Wycliffe's religious rebellious group
Lollards
This man was set up to be killed at a meeting where he thought he was safe
John Wycliffe
"Who were the ""dogs of God"""
the dominicans
Who was the woman Luther falls in love with
Catarina Vombora
Famous for his analysis of Luther
Dr. Erricson
Which monacstic order did Luther join?
Augustinine Aramites
"Who was Luther's ""Sidekick"""
Melancthon
"A statement of principals for Lutheranism, Written by Melancthon"
Augsburg Confession
What city did John Calvin start a theocracy in?
Geneva
Who comes to meet with Luther in January of 1519
Papal Nuncio
Who corners Luther at Leipzig
Johann van Eck
"Start of the 30 years war, Jesuit who wanted to stop Protestantism"
Ferdinand II
Who was the forerunner of Justification by Faith
John Wycliffe
What was a non political or religious problem in Germany
witches
Who was in charge of St. Peter's Basilica
Raphael
What was the capital of Austria during the Reformation
Vienna
Said the court was too great
Pope Pius II
What Religious order was Tetzel
Dominicans
"1.
Known as the ""hunchback of the dome."" He was one of four men appointed to a special ad hoc committee. He functioned more as a foreman or overseer on the project"
"2.
When lightning struck the dome on April 5, 1492, several tons of marble fell into the streets on the north side of the cupola, in the direction of the Villa Careggi, where this individual lay ill. The sick man, upon hearing of the direction ofthe debris, proclaimed, ""I am a dead man."" He died three days later on Passion Sunday"
Late in 1425 this deputy of Lorenzo Ghiberti filed an appeal to the wardens in charge of the project criticizing Brunelleschi's method of controlling the curvature of the dome. The primary motive for this action seems to be jealously. His model for the wooden chain had been rejected in favor of Filippo's.
Giovanni da Prato
"4.
Talented young sculptor who accompanies Brunelleschi on his trip to Rome in the early 1400s."
"5.
First biographer of the life and work of Brunelleschi; frequently quoted or referred to in the text as a source of information."
"8.
Philosopher, mathematician friend of Brunelleschi's who, in a famous letter to a member of the court of the Kine of Portugal, first entertained and suggested the idea of sailing west to reach India"
"9.
— This individual was the adopted son of Brunelleschi; at one point he steals money and jewels from him"
This master mason's design won the original competition for the design of the Santa Maria del Fiore cathedral. The design was revolutionary because it abandoned the medieval technique of using the flying buttress to support the weight of the structure.
Neri de Fioravanti
Famed for his bronze doors on the Baptistry of the Cathedral of Florence.
Lorenzo Ghiberti
"11.
any external prop or support built to steady a structure by opposing its outward thrusts; esp. a projecting support built into or against the outside of a masonry wall."
"the principal longitudinal area of a church, extending from the main entrance or narthex to the chancel, usually flanked by aisles of less height and breadth: generally used only by the congregation"
Oratory
"dome, esp. one covering a circular or polygonal area."
Cupola
"14.
a a manuscript, typically of papyrus or parchment, that has been written on more than once, with the earlier writing incompletely erased and often legible."
"a circular opening, esp. one at the apex of a dome."
oculus
"any low protective wall or barrier at the edge of a balcony, roof, bridge, or the like."
Parapet
"the branch of geometry that deals with the measurement of length, area, or volume."
mensuration
a kind of carving or sculpture in which the figures are raised a few inches from a flat background to give a three-dimensional effect.
bas-relief
"a shallow rectangular feature projecting from a wall, having a capital and base and usually imitating the form of a column."
pilaster
"a skilled manual worker, a craftsperson."
artisan
Apartheid
"a South-African policy of complete legal separation of races, including banning all social contracts between whites and blacks"
Appeasement
The making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war
Armistice
An agreement to stop fighting
Arms race
a competition between two or more parties for real or apparent military supremacy
Bioterrorism
terrorism by intentional release or dissemination of biological agents
Biowarfare
"Use of viruses, bacteria, and toxins as biological weapons"
Blitzkrieg
“lightning war” a form of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast-moving airplanes are followed by massive attacks with infantry forces
Bloc
a temporary combination of parties in a legislative assembly
Capital
"the area of a country, province, region, or state, regarded as enjoying primary status, usually but not always the seat of the government or a factor of production that is not wanted for itself but for its ability to help in producing other goods"
Cold War
The state of diplomatic hostility between the US and the USSR in the decades following WWII
Collaborator
to work jointly with others or together especially in an intellectual endeavor
Collectivization
policy was to consolidate individual land and labor into collective farms
Commune
"In Communist China, a collective farm on which a great number of people work and live together"
Concentration camp
"the imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial"
Conscription
Draft; the compulsory enrolment of people and the term typically refers to their enlistment in a country's military
Contras
is a label given to the various rebel groups opposing Nicaragua's FSLN
Demilitarize
"A reduction in a country’s ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting it from acquiring weapons"
Depression
"a period during which business, employment, and stock-market values decline severely or remain at a very low level of activity"
De-Stalinization
Nikita Khrushev’s policy of eliminating all memory of Joseph Stalin and his programs in the USSR
Détente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the US during Richard Nixon’s regime
Dictatorship
"a country, government, or the form of government where an absolute power is exercised by a dictator"
Direct rule
a system of government wherein the central government controls the states or provinces
Disarmament
"the act of reducing, limiting, or abolishing weapons"
Dissident
An opponent of a government’s policies or actions
Domino theory
"The idea that if a nation falls under Communist control, nearby nations will fall under Communist control"
Duma
A Russian national parliament formed in the early years of the 20th century
Ethnic cleansing
A policy of murder and other acts of brutality which Serbs hoped to eliminate Bosnia’s Muslim population after the breaking up of Yugoslavia
Fascism
"A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule"
Genocide
The systematic killing of an entire people
Global economy
"All the financial interactions-involving people, businesses, and government-the cross international boundaries"
Guerilla tactics
A member of loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops occupying his or her country
Indigenous
any ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest known historical connection
Intifada
"Arabic word meaning “rebellion,” “uprising,” or “resistance”"
Kamikazi
"During WWII, Japanese suicide pilots trained to sink Allied ships by crashing bomb-filled planes into them"
Mandate
a command or authorization to act in a particular way on a public issue given by the electorate to its representative
Monroe Doctrine
A US policy of opposition to European interference in Latin America announced in 1823 by President James Monroe in 1823
Multinational corporation
A company that operates in multiple countries
New Economic policy
"(In the Soviet Union) a program in effect from 1921 to 1928, reviving the wage system and private ownership of some factories and businesses, and abandoning grain requisitions."
Pan-Africanism
the idea or advocacy of a political alliance or union of all the African nations
Pan-Arabism
the idea or advocacy of a political alliance or union of all the Arab nations
Partisan
"1.an adherent or supporter of a person, group, party, or cause, esp. a person who shows a biased, emotional allegiance."
Peacekeeping force
Military units that keep peace
Per capita
"A Latin term that translates into ""by head,"" basically meaning ""average per person."""
Planned economy
"an economic system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, prices, etc."
Plebiscite
A direct vote in which a country’s people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal
Pogrom
One of the organized campaigns of violence against Jewish communities in the late 19th century Russia
Policy of containment
"was a United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to temper the spread of communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a ""domino effect"". A component of the Cold War, this policy was a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to expand communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam."
Politboro
The ruling committee of the communist party of the U.S.S.R.
Postmodernism
"any of a number of trends or movements in the arts and literature developing in the 1970s in reaction to or rejection of the dogma, principles, or practices of established modernism, esp. a movement in architecture and the decorative arts running counter to the practice and influence of the International Style and encouraging the use of elements from historical vernacular styles and often playful illusion, decoration, and complexity."
Proletariat
"the class of wage earners, esp. those who earn their living by manual labor or who are dependent for support on daily or casual employment; the working class."
Propaganda
"information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc."
Real Wages
wages estimated not in money but in purchasing power
Reichstag
the lower house of the parliament during the period of the Second Reich and the Weimar Republic.
Reparation
the making of amends for wrong or injury done
Sanction
"1.authoritative permission or approval, as for an action."
Satellite state
"is a political term that refers to a country that is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country. The term was coined by analogy to stellar objects orbiting a larger object, such as smaller moons revolving around larger planets, and is used mainly to refer to Central and Eastern European countries"
Socialism
"a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole."
State capitalism
"a form of capitalism in which the central government controls most of the capital, industry, natural resources, etc."
Total war
a war in which every available weapon is used and the nation's full financial resources are devoted
Totalitarian state
a government that subordinates the individual to the state and strictly controls all aspects of life by coercive measures
Urban society
"is the sociological study of social life and human interaction in metropolitan areas. It is a normative discipline of sociology seeking to study the structures, processes, changes and problems of an urban area and by doing so providing inputs for planning and policy making"
Viceroy
a person appointed to rule a country or province as the deputy of the sovereign
War Communism
"was the economic and political system that existed in the Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921. According to Soviet historiography, this policy was adopted by the Bolsheviks with the aim of keeping towns and the Red Army supplied with weapons and food, in conditions in which all normal economic mechanisms and relations were being destroyed by the war. ""War communism"", which began in June 1918, was enforced by the Supreme Economic Council, known as the Vesenkha. It ended on March 21, 1921 with the beginning of the NEP (New Economic Policy), which lasted until 1928."
Welfare State
"a state in which the welfare of the people in such matters as social security, health and education, housing, and working conditions is the responsibility of the government"
Charles V came close to matching ________'s power
Suleiman
Who did Charles V divide his empire among and how much did they get
"""Ferdinand - Austria and the HRA"
"By 1600, American mines had supplied Spain with an estimated _______ pounds of gold"
"339,000"
Spain experienced a gold age in the arts between the __th and __th centuries
"""16"
"""El Greco"" literally means"
the Greek
What was Domenikos Theotokopolouos called
El Greco
The paintings of ____ _________ showed the pride of Spain'smonarchy
Diego Velazquez
who was Diego Velazquez the court painter for
Philip IV
Called the birth of a modern European novel
Don Quixote de la Mancha
who was the greatest Dutch artist
Rembrandt van Rijn
William of Orange fought to free _____ from Spanish control
Dutch
The _______ Armada was defeated in 1588 by stormy weather and the English navy
Spanish
"During the 1600's, the _____ gradually replaced the Italians as the bankers of Europe"
Dutch
The seven northern provinces of the Spanish Netherlands that united and broke away from Spain were largely __________
protestant
The republic formed by the United Provinces of _____ was an unusual type of government for 16th-century Europe
the Netherlands
"In his novel, Don Quixote de la Mancha, ______ __ _________ wrote about a poor spanish nobleman who chases after windmills"
Miguel de Cervantes
Phillip II of Spain believed it was his duty to defend ___________ from its enemies in Europe and the Ottoman Empire
Catholicism
_____ failed to develop a middle class in the 1500s because the tax burden on the lower classes prevented their ability to begin businesses
Spain
The paintings of Diego Velazquez showed the _____ of Spain's monarchy
pride
"By his novel, Don Quixote de la Mancha, some critics believe Cervantes was mocking ________"
chivalry
The stability of the Dutch government allowed the people to concentrate on ________ growth
economic
"wrote ""End of History"""
Francis Fukayama
small group of leaders who run an authoritarian state
politburo
government selected by the people
democracy
government with elected representatives
republic
which two territories did Charles V rule?
Spain and the Holy Roman Empire
Where did Philip II live most of the time
spain
auto-da-fe
act of faith
who was the first king of the Bourbon dynasty
Henry IV
Delcaration of religious toleration by Henry IV
Edict of Nantes
who moved against Huguenots and worked to weaken noble's powers
Cardinal Richelieu
the idea that nothing can ever be known for certain
skepticism
the most powerful ruler in french History
Louis XIV
government agents who collected taxes and administered taxes
intendants
who was Louis XIV's minister of finance
Jean Baptiste Colbert
"A war fought by England, Austria, german states, dutch and Portugal against Bourbon's dynasty"
War of Spanish Succession
Treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession
Treaty of Ulbrecht
What does absolutism lead to?
Totalitarianism
What does constitutionalism lead to
Liberal democracy
Who starts the Tudor Dynasty
Henry VII
"Before marrying Henry VIII, Katherine of Aragon was the wife of who"
"Henry VII's first son, Arthur"
"Was Mary, Queen of Scots, older or younger than Elizabeth I"
younger
How old was Elizabeth I when she became queen of England
25
"Which of the monarchs in the Tudor family tree was known as ""bloody'"
Mary I
What religion was Elizabeth I
Protestant
"How many husbands did Mary, Queen of Scots have"
3
Who succeeded Elizabeth I as monarch of England Elizabeth I dies?
Mary I
"James I, King of England traces his royal ancestry back to which of Henry VII's children"
Margaret
What religion was Mary I
Catholic
How many Children did Henry VII have
4
Which of Henry VIII's wives was the oldest when she married Henry?
Anne Boleyn
Queen Jane (Lady Jane Grey) traced her ancestry back to which of Henry VII's children?
Mary
Who was the big winner in the war of spanish succession
great britain
France believed in the economic theory of ____________
Mercantilism
Colbert tried to make France ____-__________
Self-Sufficient
Book where Descartes introduces Skepticism
Meditations of First Philosophy
what were the Jews and Muslims collectively known as
conversos
Marranos
Jews
Moriscos
Muslims
Usury
banking
micromanager
someone who is involved in everything
"Protestant ""George Washington"""
William of orange
Only how many ships make it back to Spain after the attempted invasion of England
65
what are the two principle ideas of Richelieu's policy
The domestic unification of France and the opposition to the house of Austria
"Richelieu stregthens ""l'etat"" or ___ _____"
The State
how does Richelieu try to strengthen English and French relations?
political marriages
Normal Erythrocyte shape and why
"Anucleate, biconcave →
Peter the Great was a descendant of the _______ Dynasty
Romanov
Who was Peter Named after
the saint
Which Side of the tsar family tree won the power struggle in 1646
Miloslavski
Where were Peter the Great and His mother sent to?
Preobrazhensky refuge a German quarter
What did Peter the great learn at Preobrazhensky refuge
"learned trades
Who plots to kill Peter the Great
Sophia
"After the attempt on Peter's Life, where does he flee to?"
Holy Trinity
Where does Peter exile Sophia to?
a nunnery
How did Peter the Great Judge people
by their abilities
What kind of a profile does Peter keep at The Grand Embassy
incognito
Wat is Peter's alias at the Grand Embassy
Peter Mikhailov
"The monument (1784, sculptor Falconet) was put up after the order of Catherine the Great (1729-1796), Peter's granddaughter-in-law."
The Bronze Horseman
This Treaty ends the Great Northern War and gains Russia territory
Treaty of Nystad
Soviet literally means
council of workers
"Before 1500, how did scholars decide what was right or wrong"
by referring to ancient Greek or roman texts
theory that the earth centered the universe
Geocentric
who supported the geocentric theory?
"Aristotle, Ptolemy, and Christianity"
What helped spread enlightenment ideas?
the printing press
Who discovered the heliocentric theory
Nicolaus Copernicus
When did Copernicus publish his findings?
the last year of his life in fear of criticism
Discovered law of the pendulum
Galileo
Whose theories does Galileo's support but goes against the church
Copernicus
Where did Newton study math and physics
Cambridge univ
Which two theories of motion did newton die together
Kepler and galileo
Who invented the first microscope
Zacharius Janssen
Who preforms first human dissection
Andreas Vesalius
What were the 5 important concepts of philosophies in the Renaissance
"Reason, Nature, happiness, Progress, Liberty"
people who believed in the ideas of the enlightenment
philosophes
Who was Diderot's encyclopedia financed by
Madame Geoffrin
What kind of Government did Montesquieu advocate
Britain's Separation of powers.
Which city was the intellectual center of the Enlightenment/
Paris
large social gatherings to discuss ideas
salons
wrote ""Revolutions of the heavenly bodies"""
Copernicus
Wrote ""Tycho brane"""
Johannes Kepler
Wrote the newsletter ""Storry messenger"""
Galileo
better understanding of the world = better lives. attacked midevil scholars for relying on Aristotle"
Francis Bacon
I think therefor I am"
Rene Descartes
Brought together everyone's theories
Issac Newton
Maker of eyeglasses
Zacharias Jansen
creater of microscope
Leuvenhook
mercury barometer
Torrocelli
American system of measurement
Fahrenheit
greek physician who studied the anatomy of pigs
Galen
"proved Galen wrong, studied corpses"
Versalius
Continued Versalius' Work
William Harvey
Modern chemistry theory
Robert Boyle
civilization corrupted natural goodness"
Jean Jaques Rousecu
"Political liberty, Studied Ancient Rome. Separation of powers"
Montisquieu
"""revolutions of Heavenly bodies"""
copernicus
Starry messenger
Galileo
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"
Issac Newton
On the fabric of a human body
Galen
On the motion of the heart and blood in animals
Harvey
The Skeptical Chemist
Boyle
Levianthon
Hobbes
On the spirit of laws
Montisquiue
The Social contract
Rasseau
On Crimes and Punishment
Beccaria
A serious Proposal to ladies
Mary Astell
Vindication of the rights of women
wollstonecraft
Magic Flute"
Mozart
his personal encyclopedia
Diderot
Robinson Crusoe
Defoe
monarchs who embraced Enlightenment ideas and reformed
Enlightened Despots
"1.
system of feudalism left over from the Middle Ages"
About __ percent of the people in France belonged to the Third Estate
98
Peasants paid about half their income in dues to who?
"nobles, tithes to the church, and taxes to the king's agents."
_____ _____ made it impossible to conduct business profitably within France.
Heavy taxes
"Louis had married his wife, _____ __________, when he was 15 and she was 14."
Marie Antoinette
"As queen, Marie spent so much money on gowns, jewels, and gifts that she became known as ______ _______"
Madame Deficit.
"i.
an assembly of representatives from all three estates"
This Estate was made up of mostly members of the bourgeoisie whose views had been shaped by the Enlightenment
3rd Estate
"Who said ""What is the Third Estate? Everything. What has it been up to now in the political order? Nothing. What does it demand? To become something herein."""
Abbe Sieves
"a.
Third Estate delegates who pass laws and reforms in the name of the French people."
"a.
the Third Estate delegates found themselves locked out of their meeting room. They broke down a door to an indoor tennis court, pledging to stay until they had drawn up a new constitution"
How did Louis try to make peace with the 3rd Estate
Louis tried to make peace with the Third Estate by yielding to the National Assembly's demands.
"The Prison that the people of France overtook to get Gunpowder to ""defend"" their city"
Bastille
"1.
wild rumors circulated that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants."
What are the rights that were stated in France's Declaration of the rights of man
"liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression"
"2.
However, the Declaration of the Rights of Man did not apply to _____"
What drove a wedge between the peasants and the bourgeoisie's relations.
The combining of Church and State
"in June 1791, Louis and his family tried to escape from France to where?"
the Austrian Netherlands.
How was Louis caught escaping?
A postmaster recognized him from currency and had him returned to Paris under guard
The National Assembly created what kind of Government?
limited constitutional monarchy
"a.
This assembly had the power to create laws and to approve or prevent any war the king declared on other nations"
what caused the Revolution's leaders to turn against one another?
"Angry cries for more liberty, more equality, and more bread"
nobles and others who had fled France during the peasant uprisings
Emigres
"On the extreme left, the most radical group was"
the sans-culottes
"In 1792, the French were faced not only with reforms at home but also with what?"
a disastrous foreign war
French radicals hoped to spread _____ __________ to all the peoples of Europe.
their revolution
"2.
When Austria and Prussia proposed that France put Louis back on the throne, the Legislative Assembly responded by:..."
_______ later joined Austria in the war against the French in 1792.
Prussia
"d.
On July 25,1792, the Prussian commander threatened to destroy Paris if..."
"5.
The new French governing body, elected in September of 1792, called itself the..."
"3.
In France, The most radical club in 1792 was the"
"During the Revolt he edited a radical newspaper. His fiery edit called for ""five or six hundred heads cut off` France of the enemies of the Revolution"
Paul Marat
"The delegates reduced Louis XVI's role, from that of a king to that of a"
common citizen and prisoner.
"1.
The new republic (France)'s first problem was"
"2.
Early in 1793, Great Britain, Holland, and Spain joined Prussia and Austria in an alliance known as"
"6.
From July 1793 to July 1794, __________ governed France nearly as a dictator, and the period of his rule became known as the Reign of Terror."
"a.
The most famous victim of the French Terror was..."
"7.
During the Terror, approximately 3,000 people were executed in Paris. Some historians believe that as many as 40,000 were killed all together. About __ percent were peasants or members of the urban poor or middle class—common people for whose benefit the Revolution had supposedly been carried out."
"i.
By July 1794, the members of the National Convention knew that none of them were safe from Robespierre. So what did they do to make themselves safe?"
"v.
The third since 1789, the new constitution placed power firmly in the hands of the upper middle class and called for a two-house legislature and an executive body of five men, known as the..."
ii.
When he was nine years old, his parents sent him to a military school in northern France.
iii.
In 1785, at the age of 16, he finished school and became a lieutenant in the artillery"
"In October 1795, Because of his _________, Napoleon Bonaparte became the hero of the hour and was hailed throughout Paris as the savior of the French republic."
cannonade
"c.
In 1796, the Directory appointed Napoleon to lead a French army against the forces of _______ and the Kingdom of ________."
Where was Napoleon's Army finally shut down?
Egypt by the British
"2.
Upon Napoleon's return from Egypt, the ____ ______ urged him to seize political power"
"1.
vote of the people"
"1.
Under Napoleon, France would have _____ and _________"
What was Napoleon's First order of business as ruler
"3.
government-run public schools.
lycees
what gained Napoleon the support of the organized church as well as the majority of the French people.
his concordat with the church
Napoleon's system of laws
Napoleonic Code.
"9.
Although the code gave the country a uniform set of laws and eliminated many injustices, it actually limited _______ and promoted order and authority over individual ______."
"a.
The code took away some rights that women had won during the Revolution, such as:"
This napoleonic code also brought back what abolished practice
slavery
"a.
Napolean grabbed the crown out of the Pope’s hands, symbolizing that"
What erupted the french Civil war
"a.
"2.
In 1801, Napoleon decided to regain French control of the slaves and restore its productive sugar industry. Although he sent 23,000 soldiers to accomplish the task, the former slaves proved to be difficult to defeat, and thousands of soldiers died of"
The Only Major Battle that napoleon ever lost
the Battle of Trafalgar
"a.
The destruction of the French fleet had two major results, what were they?"
ii.
Second, it forced Napoleon to give up his plans of invading Britain."
"2.
By 1812, the only major European countries free from Napoleon's control were:"
"the powerful countries of ______, _______, _______ were loosely attached to Napoleon's empire through alliances."
"Russia, Prussia, and Austria"
"i.
Napoleon's own ___________ proved to be the greatest danger to the future its empire"
"1.
In November 1806, Napoleon signed a document ordering a ________, This was called the continental system because..."
"1.
In 1808, Napoleon made a second costly mistake. Because ________ was ignoring the Continental System, he sent an army through Spain to invade________"
"4.
Because the French Revolution had weakened, the Catholic Church in France, many Spanish Catholics feared that"
"ii.
Battle of Leipzig"
Absolutism is a ______ to anarchy
remedy
"a.
a deep devotion to one's nation."
"3.
By the turn of the 20th century, a fierce rivalry indeed had developed among Europe's Great Powers. Those nations were"
_____ _______ was the home to the industrial revolution
Great Britain
This nation challenged Britain's power for most industrial nation
Germany
"2.
In 1905 and again in 1911, Germany and France nearly fought over who Would control _______, in northern Africa"
"1.
By 1914, all the Great Powers except _______ had large standing armies."
"1.
Between 1864 and 1871, Prussia's blood-and-iron chancellor, ____ ___ ________, freely used war to unify Germany"
"2.
After 1871, however, Bismarck declared Germany to be a ""_________ _____."""
"4.
Bismarck saw ______ as the greatest threat to peace"
"6.
In 1879, Bismarck formed the Dual Alliance between Germany and ______-_______"
"Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Italy"
Triple Alliance
"b.
In 1887, Bismarck took yet another possible ally away from France by making a treaty with"
"a.
In 1890, ______ _______ __—who two years earlier had become ruler of Germany—forced Bismarck to resign."
"Britain, France, and Russia"
Triple Entente
"i.
With a long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes, the _______ were known as the ""powder keg"" of Europe"
"In the early 1900's, ______ hoped to absorb all the Slavs on the Balkan Peninsula. In addition, both Russia and Austria-Hungary had hoped to fill the power vacuum created by the _______ decline in the Balkans."
"Serbia, Ottoman"
The Killer of Archduke Ferdinand was
"Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old member of the Black Hand."
a secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule
The Black Hand
"list of demands that if not met, will lead to serious consequences."
Ultimatum
"The German defense Plan where a large part of the German army would race west, to defeat France, and then return to fight Russia in the east."
The Schlieffen plan
Germany and Austria-Hungary were known as
The Central Powers
"Great Britain, France, and Russia, Japan, and Italy were known as"
The Allied Powers
This deadlocked region in northern France in WWI
Western front
Where do the Central Powers gain advantage on the Eastern Front
Tannenberg
"a.
A promising strategy seemed to be to attack a region in the Ottoman Empire known as the Dardanelles. By securing the Dardanelles, the Allies believed that they could take Constantinople, defeat the Turks, and establish a supply line to Russia. They might even be able to mount an offensive into the Austrian heartland by way of the Danube River."
"Germany and Russia signed the Treaty of _____-_______, which ended the war between them."
Brest-Litovsk
"6.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk required the Russian government to surrender lands to Germany that now include"
Who were the Big 4
"1.
2.
Georges Clemenceau of France,
3.
David Lloyd George of Great Britain, and
4.
Vittorio Orlando of Italy."
"a.
The five Allied powers—............—were to be permanent members of the league's Executive Council"