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214 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Another word for the "layer of life" is _______.
a. biosphere b. atmosphere c. biotic levels d. the ozone layer e. trophic levels |
b. atmosphere
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What effects climate the most? _________________.
* a. the earth s tilt * b. ocean current * c. the moon * d. temperature produced by sunlight * e. all of the above |
d. temperature produced by sunlight
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Circle example(s) of an ecosystem.
* a. the planet * b. an ant farm * c. tidal pool * d. garbage can. * e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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Circle two examples of physical or abiotic components of an ecosystem.
* a. water * b. flowers * c. organic waste * d. air * e. humans |
a. water
d. air |
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Tropical rainforests contain what percentage of the world's plants and animals.
* a. 5% * b. 10% * c. 12% * d. 40% * e. 80% |
d. 40%
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Most life in the tropical rainforests occur in what part of the forest.
* a. in the moist soil. * b. on the soil. * c. in the canopy * d. above the canopy * e. between the top soil and the canopy |
c. in the canopy
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What is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to turn carbon dioxide and water into simple sugars.
* a. photosynthesis * b. breathing * c. retrogradation * d. retrogression * e. photographic |
a. photosynthesis
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What is the best example(s) from the list below of an organism belonging to the first trophic level.
* a. human * b. wolf * c. plant * d. large cat * e. a and c |
c. plant
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Give an example of a primary consumer.
* a. caterpillar * b. grasshopper * c. cattle * d. elephants * e. all of the above |
e. all of the above
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Since each higher trophic level requires a greater expenditurre of energy to survive, what is the perceived maximum number of trophic levels the earth can support?
* a. 2 * b. 5 * c. 15 * d. 50 * e. 100 |
b. 5
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Circle three macronutrients listed below.
* a. sulfur - pg. 1-23 * b. copper * c. carbon - pg. 1-23 * d. oxygen - pg 1-23 * e. iron |
a. sulfur
c. carbon d. oxygen |
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Circle all the ways carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.
* a. Respiratory process of animals. * b. Combustion of fossil or organic fuels. * c. Decomposition of organic matter. * d. the emissions of electric cars * e. the heavy use of phones |
a. Respiratory process of animals.
b. Combustion of fossil or organic fuels. c. Decomposition of organic matter. |
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What gas makes up the largest percent of the earth's air?
* a. iron * b. nitrogen * c. oxygen * d. carbon * e. phosphorus |
b. nitrogen
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Circle the two examples of secondary succession.
* a. abandoned farm field to forest * b. a volcanic eruption * c. a small meteorite hitting earth * d. abandoned parking lot to forest * e. none of the above |
a. abandoned farm field to forest
d. abandoned parking lot to forest |
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The theoretical layer of life is five miles above and below the ocean's surface.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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Life is equally distributed throughout the biosphere.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Biomes are based on dominant types of animals which are strongly correlated to whether or not humans are present in the area.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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The seasons are caused by the earth's distance from the sun.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Warmer air holds more moisture, so areas with warm air tend to have a lot of precipitation.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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Warm air molecules are packed more closely together than cold air, making the air seem warmer.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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The Coriolis effect is influenced strongly by sunspots.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Tundra biomes are found close to the equator.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Tundras are the biomes found farthest north.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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Tundra biomes receive over one hundred inches of rain a year.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Massachusetts is an example of a taiga biome.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Tropical rainforests and deserts may occur in the same latitude.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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Zinc, iron, and copper are examples of macronutrients.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Humans are nitrogen-based life forms.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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The sedimentary cycle refers to calcium, iron, and phosphorus getting leached from sedentary rocks by water erosion.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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Primary succession is the first step of succession.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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A climax community is the final step of succession.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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A spruce tree is an example of a pioneer plant.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Retrogression in an area can result in fewer species.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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Oxygen, not sunlight, is what ultimately powers most life.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Briefly describe what retrogression is.
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When something negative occurs to reduce the diversity of an ecosystem leading to fewer organisms and weakening the food web.
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Name at least three things the word climate takes into consideration.
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Temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind velocity and direction, and cloud cover and solar radiation.
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Name five phenomena associated with climatic change.
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a. Changes in ocean temperature.
b. Changes in earth 's orbital geometry. c. Volcanic activity with increased atmosphere dust and reduced sunlight penetration. d. Variations in solar radiation e. Increases in atmospheric gases that absorb hear energy. |
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How is the climate most effected. _________________.
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Temperature/sun
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Give six examples of ecosystem.
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The planet, an ant farm, tidal pool, pond, river valley, and garbage can.
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Give four examples of physical or abiotic components of an ecosystem.
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Water, air, sunlight, and minerals.
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What is the process by which plants turn carbon dioxide and water into sugar and water?
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Photosynthesis
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What is the term associated with the accumulation of organic material in an ecosystem?
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Biomass
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What term describes the amount of energy stored by a plant to be used as chemical energy?
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Kilocalories
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Give an example of an organism in the first trophic level.
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Plant
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Give an example of a primary consumer.
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Caterpillar, grasshopper, cattle, elephants
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About how many trophic levels can the earth support?
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5
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Name three macronutrients.
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Sulfur, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, hydrogen
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List three sources from which carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.
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a. Respiratory process of plants and animals who consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
b. Combustion of fossil or organic fuels. c. Decomposition of organic matter. |
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What part of the carbon cycle do scientists think is contributing to the greenhouse effect?
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The increase of carbon dioxide due to the burning of forests and fossil fuels.
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What macronutrient makes up the largest percent of the earth s air?
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Nitrogen
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Give an example of secondary succession.
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a. abandoned farm field to forest
b. abandoned parking lot to forest pg. |
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A group of organisms that can breed together with the production of a viable and fertile offspring is considered to be a ________
* a. species * b. population * c. family * d. class * e. genus |
a. species
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Birth rate is normally expressed as the number of live births per 1000 population, _____
* a. Counting the population at the beginning of the year. * b. Counting the population at the end of the year. * d. Computing the average of the population at the beginning and at the end of the year. * e. None of above |
c. Counting the population at the midpoint of the year.
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Which of the following countries has a stable population (neither rapidly declining or expanding)?
* a. Mexico * b. Africa * c. Japan * d. United States * e. India |
d. United States
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The replacement TFR level is _________.
* a. 2.79 * b. 1.59 * c. 3.08 * d. 2.1 * e. none of them |
d. 2.1
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The biotic potential of species is influenced by the following factors except _________.
* a. The frequency of reproduction * b. The total number of times the organism reproduces * c. The number of offspring from each reproductive cycle * d. The age at which reproduction starts * e. The life expectancy |
e. The life expectancy
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The environmental resistance refers to those pressures that limit population and may include the following factors except ____________.
* a. carrying capacity * b. disease * c. wars * d. predatory behavior * e. toxic waste |
a. carrying capacity
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What type of growth curve is characterized by oscillations for a species dependent on the other as a source of food?
* a. predator-prey * b. "S" type * c. "J" type * d. extinction * e. none of them |
a. predator-prey
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Which of following organisms has an r-strategy population?
* a. elephants * b. deer * c. humans * d. fish * e. births |
d. fish
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The rate of natural increase is determined by ___________
* a. birth rate * b. birth rate minus death rate * c. birth rate minus emigration * d. birth rate plus immigration * e. none of these |
b. birth rate minus death rate
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The demographic transition is incomplete in less developed countries (LDCs), because _____________.
* a. LDCs have the resources to institute social security. * b. They have exhibited slowly declining birth rates and rapidly declining death rates. * c. The population remained stable with high birth rates and high death rates. * d. Developed countries introduce better sanitation and nutrition to LDCs, resulting in an increase of the death rate. * e. They have stable policies that capture the trust of its citizens. |
b. They have exhibited slowly declining birth rates and rapidly declining death rates.
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Urban centers have the following problems except ____________.
* a. increasing the spread of diseases * b. potential increase in violence * c. rich in natural resources * d. more environmental degradation * e. he influx of more refugees |
c. rich in natural resources
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Which of following contraceptive methods may be irreversible?
* a. vasectomy * b. Male condom * c. IUD's * d. Cervical Caps * e. Oral contraceptives |
a. vasectomy
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The typical bacterial growth growth curve includes four phases except __________.
* a. the lag phase * b. the recovery phase * c. the death phase * d. the log phase * e. the stationary phase |
b. the recovery phase
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Which of the following countries has the concerns about population decline?
* a. United States * b. Kenya * c. Korea * d. Germany * e. Turkey |
d. Germany
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Which of the following methods to control population appears most successful?
* a. sterilization * b. abortion * c. heavy socio-economic penalties * d. one-child policy * e. improving women's education |
e. improving women's education
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The population policy in Peru for rural populations has often included ______:
* a. family planning * b. one-child policy * c. sterilization * d. abortion * e. woman education program |
c. sterilization
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The world's population in 2000 will be about ______ billion.
* a. 4 * b. 6 * c. 8 * d. 10 * e. 5 |
b. 6
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The world's annual growth rate in 2000 will be _______ percent.
* a. 0.7 * b. 1.0 * c. 1.4 * d. 2.2 * e. 3.0 |
c. 1.4
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A rate of 4.0% annual increase will double the population for a country in ____ years.
* a. 18 * b. 25 * c. 10 * d. 15 * e.30 |
a. 18
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Which area of world today is experiencing the shortest doubling time?
* a. North America * b. Asia * c. Africa * d. Latin America * e. Europe |
c. Africa
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Those countries with more stable populations such as the United States have an age distribution where there are fewer infants and children than young adults.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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A species is considered to be the breeding group for an organism.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Birth rate is normally expressed as the number of live births per 1,000 population (counting the population at the endpoint of the year).
True ______ False ______ |
False
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The replacement level is defined as a TFR that corresponds to a population exactly replacing itself.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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The unrestricted growth of a population is sometimes referred to as its biotic potential.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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The sum of the limiting factors serve to control the numbers of a species that can survive in defined area over time and this represents the carrying capacity of that area for a particular species.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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If an organism grows too rapidly and the population escalates beyond the carrying capacity of the environment in which it is located, a "S" type growth curve may develop.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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The r-strategy populations are typically small, short-lived organisms, which produce large numbers of offspring and receive little or no parental care.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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The k-strategy populations are limited by density-independent factors.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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The unrestricted growth of populations resulting in the maximum number of organism for a particular population is called its biotic potential.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Humans have the k-strategy as reproductive strategy.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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A megacity is defined as having a population of more than 1 million.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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The urban centers have less violence than the rural area.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Education and employment are tools to make women more powerful and stabilize human population.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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China was the first country to introduce family planning.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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The one child policy is enforced in China.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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The government directed programs that set a policy for establishing an optimum population size are referred to as family planning.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) are used as a permanent contraceptive method.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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The population has grown so much that even the smaller growth rates lead to additions of larger numbers of people to the global population. This is referred to the momentum.
True ______ False ______ |
True
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A species is considered to be the breeding group for an organism.
True ______ False ______ |
False
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What is biotic potential?
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The unrestricted growth of populations resulting in the maximum growth rate for a particular population.
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What is urbanization?
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The mass migration of people to the cities.
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The wordwide increase of development and use of new technology to increase the yield of food crops is termed the ________.
• a. Industrial Revolution • b. Agricultural Revolution • c. Green Revolution • d. Medical Revolution |
c. Green Revolution
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The greatest single disadvantage of planting a single crop would be ________.
• a. Monoculture • b. Soil erosion • c. Attraction of pests • d. Depletion of soil nutrients |
d. Depletion of soil nutrients
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Where there is common land, air, or water, some people will take advantage of this and degrade the land and its resources to their own advantage and at the expense of others is termed ________.
• a. Pioneer mentality • b. Tragedy of the commons • c. Sustainable development • d. Environmental terrorism |
b. Tragedy of the commons
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Plants which are able to synthesize their own food substances are called ________.
• a. Autotrophs • b. Heterotrophs • c. Saprophytes • d. Anaerobes |
a. Autotrophs
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A condition when fields remain unplanted for several years in order to regain moisture and nutrients.
• a. Rotation • b. Terracing • c. Fallowing • d. Desertification |
c. Fallowing
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Wetlands appear in every biome except ________.
• a. Taiga • b. Tundra • c. Arctic • d. Tropics |
c. Arctic
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The range of animal and plant species and the genetic variability of these species is referred to as ________.
• a. Biosphere • b. Biodiversity • c. Survival of the fittest • d. Biomagnification |
b. Biodiversity
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The brown tree snake and the zebra mussel exported to foreign soils have become examples of ________ .
• a. Desirable species • b. Threatened species • c. Native species • d. Non-native species |
d. Non-native species
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The continent with the most serious food shortages is ________.
• a. Europe • b. Africa • c. Australia • d. South America |
b. Africa
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Food quantity is expected to increase due primarily to ________.
• a. Increased yields • b. Increased cropping intensities • c. Arable land expanses • d. Red Cross donations |
a. Increased yields
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People unable to acquire the basic food they need to function are considered ________.
• a. Deprived • b. Effective demanding • c. Undernourished • d. Unlucky |
c. Undernourished
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The ________ refers to that "demand level" corresponding to purchasing power without regard to food requirements.
• a. unified demand • b. Effective demand • c. Optimistic demand • d. International demand |
b. Effective demand
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World population rates rose sharply during ________.
• a. Before WWII • b. During WWII • c. After WWII • d. The Gulf War |
c. After WWII
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The primary greenhouse gas contributing to global warming is ________.
• a. CO (carbon monoxide) • b. H2S (hydrogen sulfide) • c. CO2 (carbon dioxide) • d. CH4 (methane) |
c. CO2 (carbon dioxide)
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Paul Erlich of Stanford University thinks the impact of humanity on earth is determined by ________.
• a. Populations • b. Resources • c. People's actions • d. Natural environment |
c. People's actions
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The notion where resource use and replacement come into balance and the discharge of pollutants is minimized.
• a. Pioneer mentality • b. Sustainable development • c. Tragedy of the commons • d. Monocultures |
b. Sustainable development
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The benefits of the tropical rainforests include:
• a. A major production of oxygen • b. A carbon dioxide sink • c. An important source of species diversity • d. All of the above |
d. All of the above
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The most fertile of the world's soils lie in the:
• a.Taiga • b. Tropics or rainforests • c. Temperate zone • d. Boreal forest |
c. Temperate zone
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Land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas by human activities is termed ________.
• a. Land destruction • b. Environmental instability • c. Resource depletion • d. Desertification |
d. Desertification
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The continent experiencing the greatest loses from land degradation is ________.
• a. Africa • b. Asia • c. Australia • d. North America |
b. Asia
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Malthus published an article in 1789 stating that the human population is growing arithmetically.
T. _______ F. _______ |
False
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Cornucopians are people who believe that the shear number of people aren't a problem, but that greater technology and innovation will easily sustain larger populations.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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Gene guns are used to transfer genetic information to various plants.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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The pioneer mentality should be continued while working toward a sustainable development.
T. _______ F. _______ |
False
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Clay soils consist of gritty particles
T. _______ F. _______ |
False
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One method of reducing soil erosion, where farmers plant on hillsides is termed terracing.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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Soil erosion claims over a billion acres cropland annually around the globe.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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Wetlands are boring areas with little or no importance.
T. _______ F. _______ |
False
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The destruction and fragmentation of habitat is one major threat to biodiversity.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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Acid deposition from the release of nitrogen and sulfur oxides have caused dramatic ecological effects in the United States.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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The former Soviet Union has experienced a significant boost in agricultural production since 1989.
T. _______ F. _______ |
False
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Chronic malnutrition is a difficult and pervasive problem resulting in a food security crisis in mainly LDCs.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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Hunger is a persistent problem here in America.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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Pessimists believing bad things will happen to the world as a result of unsustainable human populations are often referred to as neo-Malthusians.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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LDCs continue to use natural gas as a primary fuel instead of wood for cooking and heating.
T. _______ F. _______ |
False
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There is a widening of the wealth gap in many countries.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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The pessimistic view warns that population momentum will propel humankind beyond the carrying capacity of the earth creating much human suffering.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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The tropical rain forests are predominantly located in the temperate biome.
T. _______ F. _______ |
False
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Soils best suited for agriculture are referred to as loam.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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Marginal lands are increasingly less resilient to human and climatic disturbances.
T. _______ F. _______ |
True
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Does Thomas Malthus believe the world can support a growing population? Explain.
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Malthus believes that the human population is growing exponentially and the food supply is growing arithmetically
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What is the Green Revolution?
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The Green Revolution was established in the 1960's as a plan to increase crop yield by using technology to grow and cultivate crops
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What is the Tragedy of the Commons?
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The Tragedy of the Commons is when a person or persons degrade an environment by overgrazing and overexploiting resources for their own advantages and usually at the expense of others and future generations.
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What major benefits do rainforests provide?
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They are a major producer of oxygen, they provide a sink of absorption for carbon dioxide, they are potential sources for new and emerging pharmaceuticals, and as an important source of species diversity.
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Name some factors that may decline food security.
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Droughts, floods, wars, poor harvests, and the use of old inefficient technologies
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Name some factors that may increase food yields.
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Factors include an increase in arable land, increase in cropping intensities, using newer technologies, and developing infrastructures to subsidize the costs of farming and market shares.
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What event in 1978 was (one of) the first that raised public consciousness focusing attention on the hazards to the environmentay=t and human health of improperly disposed chemicals?
a. Love canal b. 3 mile island c. Chernobyl d. Valdez oil spill e. none of them |
a. Love canal
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___________ is the leading factor among those listed below, associated with cancer risk..
a. occupation b. alcohol c. pollution d. medicines and medical procedures e. Poor diet |
e. Poor diet
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Which of the following diseases is an acute disease?
a. AIDs b. emphysema c. cancer d. flu e. heart disease |
d. flu
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The leading cause of injury-related death in the United States is _________.
a. shootings b. falls c. motor vehicles d. stabbings e. other forms of trauma to human body |
c. motor vehicles
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What is the major mechanism for chemical injury caused by allergens:
a. interference with enzyme activity; b. directly combing with some cell component other than enzymes; c. producing a secondary action in which a chemical causes the release or formation of a more harmful substance; d. none of above; e. all of above |
c. producing a secondary action in which a chemical causes the release or formation of a more harmful substance;
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Which of the following chemicals is most associated with systemic disease involving the central nervous system, the gastrointestinal system and the blood forming tissures?
a. lead; b. pollen; c. animal dander; d. CO; d. None of the above; e. all of the above |
a. lead;
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Which of the following is not an exogenous factor of malignant tumors?
a. habits; b. ionizing radiation; c. chemical exposure; d. environment ( socio-economic, geographical, and occupational); e. gender |
a. oncogenic viruses;
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Which of the following is not an endogenous factor of malignant tumors?
a. oncogenic viruses; b. gender; c. age; d. hormonal imbalance; e. impaired immune system; |
e. gender
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How many homologous pairs of chromosomes are there in human nucleus?
a. 20; b. 21; c. 22; d. 23; e. 24 |
d. 23;
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Which of the following diseases is due to the point mutation on the co-dominant genes reultiing in abnormal hemoglobin?
a. phenylketonuria (PKU) b. cystic fibrosis c. sickle cell disease d. Huntingtonís disease e. spherocytosis |
c. sickle cell disease
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Carcinogens refers to chemicals which primarily cause reproductive disorders.
T ______ F ______ |
False
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Most cancer risks are modifiable through changes in human behavior.
T ______ F ______ |
True
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The best estimate for the contribution of pollution to cancer risk is around two percent of the total risk.
T ______ F ______ |
True
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Chemical pollutants contribute substantially to cancer risk.
T ______ F ______ |
False
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Reservoirs are those living organisms or inaminate objects that provide the conditions where the organisms may survive, multiply, and also provide the conditions necessary for transmission.
T ______ F ______ |
True
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The leading cause of injury-related death in the United States involve motor vehicles accounting for nearly 4,000 deaths per year with more than 40 percent of those deaths n the 16-19 year age group.
T ______ F ______ |
False
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Falls are the leading causes of accidental deaths in the home.
T ______ F ______ |
True
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Teratologic defects usually arise during embryonic period of development and the causative factors are usually not genetic but from exposure to chemicals or radiation.
T ______ F ______ |
True
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Kwashiorkor develops from a lack of vitamin C.
T ______ F ______ |
False
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Environmental disease refers to any pathologic process having a characteristic set of signs and symptoms which are detrimental to the well-being of the individual and are the consequence of many factors, including exposure to physical or chemical agents, poor nutrition and social or cultural behaviors.
T ______ F ______ |
True
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Protein is the basic informational macromolecule that is the basis of heredity whose chemical structure has been known for more than 45 years.
T ______ F ______ |
False
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Since every individual within each species is very much a representation of the information contained in the genome together with the expression of those genes in the development of that individual, all the genotypic changes are harmful or damaging.
T ______ F ______ |
False
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One of the most well-known cytogenetic defects is trisomy 21 or Down's disease which is characterized by the addition of an extra chromosome to chromosome number 21.
T ______ F ______ |
True
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Most teratogens exert their effect during certain critical time windows in the late stages of tissue and organ formation known as organogenesis.
T ______ F ______ |
False
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What are the messages given through the public media about toxic chemicals?
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•exposure to toxic chemicals have dramatically increased the risk of cancer;
•common household and agricultural chemicals are causing many human diseases and death; •polluted air and water are major sources of disease risk; •environmental chemicals are interfering with the reproductive process in humans and producing harmful effects in the fetus and young children. |
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What are the major mechanisms for chemical injury?
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•interference with enzyme activity;
•directly combining with some cell component other than enzymes; •producing a secondary action in which a chemical causes the release or formation of a more harmful substance. |
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What is environmental disease and its external causal factors?
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Environmental disease refers to any pathologic process having a characteristic set of signs and symptoms which are detrimental to the well-being of the individual and are the consequence of external factors, including exposure to physical or chemical agents, poor nutrition and social or cultural behaviors.
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What are the differences between DNA and mRNA?
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Messenger RNA is quite similar to its DNA counterpart except it is single stranded, contains the nucleotide base uracil instead of thymine, and the sugar D-ribose instead of 2-deoxyribose in the four mononucleotides.
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How many synthetic chemicals are currently in commercial use in the United States, and whose toxicity is not widely known or understood?
a. 70,000 b. 6,000 c. 500 d. 800,000 e 15,000 |
a. 70,000
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_______________is the most likely process of absorption for amino acids.
a. diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. endocytosis e. none of the above |
b. facilitated diffusion
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Which of the following sites in the respiratory system is the most likely place for the carbon dioxide and oxygen to exchange in the blood?
a. nose b. pharynx c. larynx d. trachea e. alveoli |
e. alveoli
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Which of the following processes, when prolonged and severe, can be life threatening such as in asthmatic attacks?
a. mucociliary streaming b. coughing c. sneezing d. bronchoconstriction e. none of the above |
d. bronchoconstriction
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What is the best estimate for the area of skin coverage in the average adult?
a. 2,500 in 2 b. 3,000 in 2 c. 3,500 in 2 d. 4,000 in 2 e. 4,500 in 2 |
b. 3,000 in 2
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By what absorptive process does hexane pass through the skin?
a. passive diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. endocytosis e. none of the above |
a. passive diffusion
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How long is the average adult human gastrointestinal tract?.
a. 20 feet b. 22 feet c. 30 feet d. 41 feet e. 52 feet |
c. 30 feet
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Where is the most likely site for the absorption of toxic agents in the gastrointestinal tract?
a. between the stomach and the upper portion of the intestine b. stomach c. small intestine d. large intestine e. the lower portion of large intestine |
a. between the stomach and the upper portion of the intestine
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What is the mechanism for the harmful effects of CO (carbon monoxide)?
a. Interfere with or block the active sites of some important enzymes b. Direct chemical combination with a cell constituent c. Secondary action as a result of its presence in the system d. Compete with the co-factors for a site on an important enzyme e. None of the above |
b. Direct chemical combination with a cell constituent
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What is the major organ responsible for detoxification in the body?
a. lung b. intestines c. kidney d. liver e. skin |
d. liver
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What is the major toxic mechanism for hydrogen cyanide?
a. interfere with or block the active sites of the enzyme b. inactivate or remove the co-factor c. compete with the co-factor for a site on the enzyme d. altering enzyme structure directly thereby changing the specific three-dimensional nature of the active site e. none of the above |
b. inactivate or remove the co-factor
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What is the major mechanism for toxicity of dithiocarbamate during alcohol consumption?
a. interfere with or block the active sites of the enzyme b. inactivate or remove the co-factor c. compete with the co-factor for a site on the enzyme d. altering enzyme structure directly thereby changing the specific three-dimensional nature of the active site e. none of the above |
b. inactivate or remove the co-factor
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Which of the following substances can cause a syndrome in infants referred to as "blue baby"?
a. carbon monoxide b. chlorine gas c. ozone d. sulfuric oxides e. nitrogen compounds |
e. nitrogen compounds
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Which of the following refers to a substance that is attached to an antigen and promotes an antigenic response.
a. light chain b. heavy chain c. leukocyt d. helper cell e. hapten |
e. hapten
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Which kind of cells are the primary targets of the AIDS virus?
a. cytoxic (killer) cell b. helper T-cells (eg. CD4) c. memory cells d. suppressor T-cells e. delayed hypersensitivity T-cells |
b. helper T-cells (eg. CD4)
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The largest percent of antibodies belong to the _________ class.
a. IgG b. IgE c. IgM d. IgA e. IgD |
a. IgG
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Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions is most often seen in transfusion reactions?
a. cytotoxic b. cell-mediated c. immune complex d. anaphylactic e. none of the above |
a. cytotoxic
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What kind of hypersensitivity is associated with asthma?
a. cytotoxic b. cell-mediated c. immune complex d. anaphylactic e. none of the above |
d. anaphylactic
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What kind of the following interactions is characterisitc of that for caffeine and sleeping pills?
a. additive b. synergistic c. antagonistic d. none of the above e. they don't interact with each other |
c. antagonistic
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Yu-cheng Disease in Taiwan is due to the toxic effect of _________ .
a. lead b. PCBs c. dioxin d. asbestos e. mercury |
b. PCBs
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When were both federal regulatory and legislative efforts begun to reduce lead hazards, including the limitation of lead in paint and gasoline?
a. 1970's b. 1980's c. 1990's d. 1940's e. 1950's |
a. 1970's
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Lead has been recognized as a hazard since early civilization when it was used to store wine, to pipe water, and even as vessels in which to cook food.
T_______ F _______ |
True
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Once a potential toxic substance goes into our society, it automatically produces an adverse effect.
T_______ F ______ |
False
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External respiration refers to the exchange of gases between blood and individual cells.
T_______ F _______ |
False
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Sulfur oxides tend to reach deep into lung tissue while nitrogen dioxides tend to act in the upper moist airways of the respiratory tree.
T_______ F _______ |
False
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The skin is the body's largest organ and consistis of many interconnected tissues.
T_______ F _______ |
True
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Epidermis is the outer, thinner layer of the skin and dermis is the inner and much thicker layer of the skin.
T_______ F _______ |
True
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The gastrointestinal tract is a major route of absorption for many toxic agents including mercury, lead, and cadmium.
T_______ F _______ |
True
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A toxin can produce a harmful effect upon an organ only by stimulating the normal metabolic actions of that particular organ.
T_______ F _______ |
False
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Many enzymes require a nonprotein component called apoenzyme and a protein component called cofactor to become active.
T_______ F _______ |
False
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Cadmium and beryllium are believed to inactivate enzymes by blocking the sites on the enzyme where such co-factors as iron normally attach.
T_______ F _______ |
False
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When lead covalently bonds to an enzyme, its inhibition of enzymes is considered to be irreversible.
T_______ F _______ |
True
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The exposure of allergens can trigger a diminished immune response in some people.
T_______ F _______ |
False
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Chemical pollutants such as ozone can depress the immune response by inactivating alveolar macrophages.
T_______ F _______ |
True
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B cells are the principle agents in cell-mediated immunity.
T_______ F _______ |
False
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Humoral immune responses are characterized by subcutaneous bleeding.
T_______ F _______ |
True
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The environmental pollutants such as ozone and fine particulates contribute to the significant rise in the numbers and severity of asthma cases.
T_______ F _______ |
True
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If absorbed, lead tends to be stored mostly in fatty tissue.
T_______ F _______ |
False
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Dioxin is considered to be one of the most toxic natural chemicals.
T_______ F _______ |
False
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The EPA has listed 20ug/dl as the maximum acceptable blood lead level for fetuses and young children.
T_______ F _______ |
False
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Lead may impair fertility in both men and women when blood lead levels approach 50 ug/dl.
T_______ F _______ |
True
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What are the possible toxic mechanisms for chemicals?
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Produce reversible or irreversible bodily injury;
Have the capacity to cause tumors, neoplastic effects, or cancer; Cause reproductive errors including mutations and teratogenic effects; Produce irritation and sensitization of mucous membranes; Cause a reduction in motivation, mental alertness, or capability; Alter behavior or cause death of the organism. |
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List the variety of processes of absorption including their characteristics.
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(1) Diffusion: molecules move from areas of high concentration to low concentration;
(2) Facilitated Diffusion: require specialized carrier proteins, no high energy phosphate bonds are required; (3) Active Transport: ATP is required in conjunction with special carrier proteins to move molecules through a membrane against a concentration gradient; (4) Endocytosis: particles and large molecules that might otherwise be restricted from crossing a plasma membrane can be brought in or removed by this process. |
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How do toxic substances enter the body?
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There are several ways in which toxic substances can enter the body. They may enter through the lungs by inhalation, through the skin, mucous membranes or eyes by absorption, or through the gastrointestinal tract by ingestion.
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What are the major functions of the skin?
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The skin can help to :
regulate body temperature through sweat glands; provide a physical barrier to dehydration, microbial invasion, and some chemical insults; excrete salts, water, and organic compounds; serve as a sensory organ for touch, temperature, pressure and pain; provide some important components of immunity. |
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What are the three major mechanisms for the harmful effects of environmental toxins?
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The toxins influence on enzymes;
Direct chemical combination of the toxin with a cell constituent; •Secondary action as a result of the toxins presence in the system. |
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List the four major types of hypersensitivity reactions
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cytotoxic;
cell-mediated; Immune complex; Anaphylactic; |
