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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many sets of incisors do goats and sheep have? |
4 sets |
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Goats under a year of will have what general feature to their lower incisors? |
All incisors will generally be the same size. |
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When will you expect a goat to have all permanent incisors? |
4 years of age
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What do you look for when aging permanent goat or sheep teeth? |
Wear and spacing between the teeth
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Why do we age goats? |
To estimate how long they will be useful on pasture (or otherwise easily) |
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Baby teeth have two other names. |
Milk teeth or deciduous teeth |
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Central permanent incisors on goat erupt when? |
About 1 year of age |
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2nd set of permanent incisors erupt in goats when? |
About 2 years of age |
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3rd set of permanent incisors erupts in goats when? |
3 years of age |
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A mouth full of adult incisors in a goat is also termed? How old are they? |
4-5-year-old and are called "a full mouth"
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As a goat ages, what happens to the incisors? |
They appear to elongate: neck thins allowing feed material to get stuck in between |
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A goat missing some incisors is termed what? |
A broken mouth goat |
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Eruption of incisors on a cow versus sheep? |
Cows are generally a year ahead with the same eruption scheme |
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Cattle or sheep showing popcorn teeth? |
Cows 8+, Sheep 5+ Sand shortens teeth life |
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How many molars do sheep have? |
24 |
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Are sheep born with baby teeth? |
No |
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By what age are baby incisors erupt? |
2 weeks |
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A 2-tooth means what? Sheep. |
1 year old roughly.
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Are their teeth variation when it comes to maturity between breeds? |
Yes. British breeds mature faster than Merinos meaning their teeth erupt at an earlier age. |
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How does feed effect teeth wear? |
Long soft feed: teeth grow long from lack of wear but remain in good condition Short feed: brings the teeth closer to the dirt, allowing for more wear |
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The most reliable indicator of age in cows, sheep and goats is what? |
eruption of teeth and less from wear. |
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What heart irregularity is relatively common in cattle? Particularly under what disease processes? |
Atrial fibrillation. Commonly encountered secondary to GI disease |
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What is a springer heifer? |
A heifer that is coming up to calving |
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3 diseases or pathogens that can cause early embryonic death? |
BVD, Tritricomonas, Campylobacter-vibrio |
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cwt means what? |
per 100 lbs. |
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When are typical beef calves weaned? |
6-9 months |
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How much of a herd as a percentage is replaced every year in a beef herd? |
15-20% |
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What is the average age of heifers in a beef herd? |
5 years of age |
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How much of adult weight as a percentage do cattlemen typically look for prior to breeding heifers? |
60-65% of adult weight |
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By what age are most beef heifers cycling? |
1 year of age |
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How long do beef cattlemen typically wait before preg checking? |
at least 45 days |
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White fat compared to yellow fat. What does this tell you about the cow? |
White fat: more grain fed Yellow: grass fed |
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What are the calving seasons for most beef herds? |
Spring, alternatively in the fall |
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How old is a cow before it generates income? |
30 months |
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What is the best desired scheme for the schedule of calf births? |
70% of them born within 30 day of eachother |
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What is the body fat percentage difference between 5-6 on the beef scale? |
7-8% |
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What is the BCS scale for beef? |
1-9 |
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Name 3 pathogens that are responsible for early embryonic death? |
Tritricomonas, Campylobacter vibrio, and BVD |
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How long after calving are bulls usually put out with the cows? |
80 days |
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At what age does E coli present in a calf? |
1-7 days of age |
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At what age does Rotavirus typically present in calves? |
Day 4-9 typically, up to 5 weeks |
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Coronavirus typically presents when in calves? |
Day 5-9, up to 6 weeks |
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Clostridium perfringens typically presents in calves at what age? |
Day 1-2 up to week 6 |
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Cryptosporidium parvum typically presents at what age in calves? |
Day 7-10 up to 21d |
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Salmonella spp typically present when in calves? |
Day 7-21, up to 4 months |
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Coccidia typically presents in calves at what age? |
Day 21 and up |
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What is the best change to implement when it comes to preventing scours in calves? |
typically management changes make the biggest difference |
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Most calves are encouraged to grow how much per day? |
1-2 lbs |
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What are minimum standards for semen motility and morphology? |
Motility: >31% is "fair" Morphology: >71% is considered normal |
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How often are bulls considered unsatisfactory to Dr Ondrak? |
Not that often, but criteria might include a missing testicle |
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When do spring calving cows have their highest energy and protein requirements? |
Spring (Mar-May) |
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What is a good thermoneutral temp for cows? |
30-60F (Dr Ondra says 80F) |
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British cattle are known for what? |
Being smaller, more docile and maturing sooner than other breeds |
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Heterosis is defined as what? |
Crossbreeding cows with the intention of changing one trait |
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Complementarity is defined as what? |
Crossbreeding with the intention of changing several traits |
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What are some ddx for late term abortions in cows? |
BVD, Lepto, IBR, Fungal...idiopathic |
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What happens to the Breakeven equation when percent calf crop drops? |
Changes the BE 8-10 times more than weaning weight changes |
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What time of year would one expect to see foot rot?
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Spring (wet) and summer (standing in water to get away from flies)
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Three respiratory pathogens of cattle? |
Histophilus somni, Pasteurella, Menheimia |
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Three metabolic diseases to think about in the late winter/spring for cows? |
Grass tetany, milk fever and ketosis |
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5 diseases that occur in the late winter/spring in cows? |
Obstetrical issues, neonatal diarrhea, metabolic problems, umbilical hernia and mastitis |
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What is the etiology of grass tetany in cows? |
magnesium deficiency |
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Hypomagnesemia can present under what conditions? |
early spring grass, fertilized pastures |
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Grass tetany cows present how generally? |
Down, agitated with minor convulsions |
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How does one diagnose grass tetany? |
clinical signs, response to treatment, blood test, aqueous humor mg level |
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Treatment for grass tetany? |
IV or oral magnesium |
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What is the formulation for Mg2+ admin? |
CMPK: Ca2+, Mg2+, Phos, Potassium |
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What is a good way to prevent grass tetany? |
focusing on quality of winter nutrition |
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Milk fever is what? |
Hypocalcemia |
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When does milk fever generally occur? |
Post-calving in response to increased energy requirements |
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Ketosis is closely linked to what other condition? |
hepatic lipidosis |
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What are some diseases of concern during summer months? |
BRDC - summer pneumonia Footrot |
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What is the etiology behind footrot? |
Fusobacterium necrophorum |
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What are certain situations that may promote footrot? |
Moist conditions or trauma |
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How does footrot generally present? |
Lame, uniform swelling, foul odor, painful between claws. |
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How does a hoof abscess compare to footrot? |
Abscesses generally involve one claw. Footrot involves both by being inbetween |
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What is a concern for footrot cows? |
That deeper infection might ensure leading to septic arthritis or osteomyelitis |
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How do we diagnose footrot? |
clinical signs and response to treatment |
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How do we treat footrot? |
Antibiotic (oxytet), NSAIDs, topical astringents or surgery |
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Prevention of footrot? |
management preventative antibiotic regimen... |
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Summer worries in breeding and/or replacement heifers? |
Early pregnancy loss, Pink eye, mycoplasma, footrot |
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4 potential causes for early pregnancy loss? |
Vibriosis, Trichomoniasis, BVDV, BTV |
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BTV is what? |
Blue Tongue Virus |
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Blue tongue tends to be a bigger deal in what species? |
sheep |
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What is the etiology behind Vibrio? |
Campylobacter fetus venerealis |
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How do cows with Vibrio present? |
Reproductive losses- reduced pregnancy rates, increased gestation length and calving seasons occasionally endometritis |
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Diagnosing Vibrio? |
Challenging! Culture/PCR/ELISA - vaginal/preputial swab/semen |
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Prevention of Vibrio? |
Vaccination (?), BSEs, Biosecurity, cull carriers |
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What is the etiology behind Trichomonas? |
Protozoan: Trichomoniasis foetus |
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How to Trich cows typically present? |
Early embryonic losses and infertility. extended calving season |
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How does one go about diagnosing Trich? |
Prepucial or vaginal swab for culture or PCR |
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Treatment for Trich? |
No medical treatment: Cull positive bulls, allow for female clearance |
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What does one do with a + trich bull? Cow? |
Bull: report and cull Cow: allow for clearance, next time will breed normally |
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How does one prevent Trich from entering the herd? |
testing bulls, biosecurity, BSEs |
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BSEs stands for what? |
Breeding soundness exams
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BVDV stands for what? |
Bovine Viral Diarrheal Virus
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What is the etiology behind BVDV? |
Pestivirus |
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What is the primary reason for BVDV spread? |
Persistantly infected shedding |
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How do BVDV cows present? |
Reproductive losses, congenital defects, performance losses, immunosuppressive, mucosal disease can be subclinical too |
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How does one diagnose BVDV in a herd? |
IHC (ear notch --> sent in for immunohistochemistry), ELISA, PCR |
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How do we prevent BVDV? |
Vaccination, Testing and biosecurity |
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What is the consequence of BVD infection during pregnancy between 0-45 days in gestation? |
Decreased conception, infertility |
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What is the consequence of BVD infection during pregnancy between 45-125 days in gestation? |
Development of persistently infected calves |
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What is the consequence of BVD infection during pregnancy between days 125-173 days in gestation? |
abortion, congenital defects, weak calves |
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What is the consequence of BVD infection during pregnancy between days 175-term? |
calves are typically born normal, may result in weak calves and occasionally abortion |
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What are some disease processes at higher incidences in summer? |
Early pregnancy losses, Pink eye (IBK), Mycoplasma, footrot |
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What are the etiologies behind IBK? |
Morazella bovis or bovoculi Mycoplasma BHV-1 |
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What does IBK stand for? |
Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis |
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What are some risk factors associated with the development of IBK? |
Flies, dust, tall grass |
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IBK typically presents in older or younger cows? |
Younger |
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How might an eye injury present if it were active? |
tearing |
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IBK looks like what? |
corneal opacity, conjunctivitis, ruptured cornea |
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IBK diagnosis? |
Conjunctival swab-culture Staining |
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Treatment options for IBK? |
Antibiotics, NSAIDs, patch, surgery |
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Prevention for IBK? |
Fly control, environmental management, vaccination (iffy) |
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Largely speaking what are some important things to remember about Mycoplasma infection? |
Difficult to diagnose and treat. |
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Mycoplasma infection is often associated with what? |
a breach in biosecurity |
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What are some diseases to keep in mind for bovine during the late summer and early fall months? |
Anaplasmosis BRDC Coccidiosis |
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Anaplasma marginale |
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Anaplasma marginale is what? |
a richettsial RBC parasite |
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How does anaplasmosis present in bovine? |
Fever, Anemia, reproductive losses, performance losses, mortality |
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Anaplasmosis is transmitted by what? |
Dermacentor and mechanical vector |
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Dermacentor variabilis female |
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Dermacentor spp are an example of what kind of tick? |
Hard tick |
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Anaplasmosis is diagnosed how? |
Blood smear - microscope. PCR, ELISA |
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Treatment for anaplasmosis? |
Antibiotics blood transfusion insecticides |
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Anaplasmosis prevention? |
Tick control sanitation antibiotics carrier management |
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What are 4 viral agents part of the BRDC? |
IBR - Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis PI3 - Parainfluenza BRSV - Bovine Respiratory Syncitial Virus BVDV - Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus |
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What are 4 pathogenic agents part of BRDC? |
M. hemolytica P. multocida H. somnus Mycoplasma spp |
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What are some disease risks to keep in mind for bovines in the fall/winter and even year round? |
Pregnancy loss Woody tongue Lumpy jaw Abscesses |
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Woody tongue is caused by what etiologic agent? |
Actinobacillus lignieresii |
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What is the inciting cause of Woody tongue? |
Introduction of the bacterium through a penetrating wound |
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How does woody tongue present? |
hypersalivation difficulty eating/breathing firm enlarge tongue swollen surrounding tissue |
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How does one diagnose woody tongue? |
PE: clinical signs Culture abscess material - histo: granulomatous abscess |
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Treatment for Woody tongue? |
Antibiotics Sodium iodide Remove offending feed source Debulk mass |
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How does one prevent Woody tongue? |
Ensure feed quality |
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Differentials for this swollen jaw? |
Lumpy jaw or wooden tongue |
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What is the typical etiologic agent for an abscess on a cow? |
Trueperella spp |
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Why is it important to differentiate an abscess from a seroma or herniation? |
A seroma, if drained will come back because a walling off hasn't occurred yet. Rupturing one too soon can prolong recovery. |
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What is the etiologic agent behind lumpy jaw? |
Actinomyces bovis |
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What is the inciting cause of lumpy jaw?
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traumatic introduction |
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How does lumpy jaw typically present? |
a firm (boney) mass on face, +/- a draining tract/abscess |
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Diagnosis of Lumpy jaw? |
radiographs culture clinical signs |
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Treatment for Lumpy jaw? |
Sodium iodide Antibiotics |
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Is Actinobacillus lignieresii a part of the normal flora? |
Yes |
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Wooden tongue feel like what? |
Nodular, firm abscesses, lumpy on the tongue |
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What is the percentage of cows at slaughter exhibiting Wooden tongue? |
.7-3.6% |
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Late winter/spring pregnancy losses may be due to what disease processes? |
IBR=BHV1 BVDV BTV CVV - Cache Valley Virus Leptospirosis Brucellosis Listeriosis EBA - Enzootic Bovine Abortion Ureaplasma T. pyogenes Neospora Mycotic |
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Antibiotic for cows...and horses with anaplasmosis? |
Oxytet (LA200) |
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What is the difference when feeling lumpy jaw versus woody tongue? |
Lumpy Jaw is bone hard (haha) Woody tongue is soft tissue |
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IBR is also known as? |
Red Nose |
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Lumpy jaw is basically the development of: |
osteomyelitis |
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Pine needle abortion is also what? |
Enxootic bovine abortion |
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"Banged" means what? |
Brucellosis vaccinated |
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Which strain of Brucella vaccine has more reactions? |
Strain 19 RB51 has few |
