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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the liver located? |
Most cranial part of the abdomen, immediately behind the diaphragm |
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What type of organ is it? |
A gland (the largest in the body) |
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What are some functions of the liver? |
Production of Bile Protein, Carb and fat metabolism |
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Why is the position of the liver important? |
It sits astride the bloodstream draining the GI tract
This ensures that the products of digestions conveyed in the bloodstream after absorption are presented to the hepatic cells before entering general circulation |
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Which side of the animal does the bulk of the liver lie on? |
The right side in all species |
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What are the names of the liver lobes in the dog, pig, horse and cow? |
Left lateral, left medial, quadrate, right lateral, right medial, and caudate lobes |
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What are the structures that are associated with the caudate lobe of the liver in the dog? |
The right kidney sits in a depression in the caudate process
More medially there is a groove for the passage of the caudal vena cava and to the left of that is a notch for the esophagus |
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What are the two parts of the caudate lobe called? |
The caudate process (more lateral) and the papillary process (more medial) |
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Where does the gall bladder lie? |
Between the quadrate and right medial lobes
It is party attached, partly free
Can sometimes even touch the diaphragm |
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Which ligaments attach the liver to the diaphragm and to which side of the liver do they attach? |
Attach from parietal surface of liver to diaphragm
Right and left triangular, coronary and falciform
Very firm attachments |
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What attachment is on the visceral side of the liver and what organs does it attach to? |
The lesser omentum
Passes from visceral surface to the stomach and duodenum
Fragile attachment |
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What does the tunica fibrosa of the liver do? |
Encloses the parenchyma beneath the serosa
Enters at the porta and detaches extensions that take the blood vessels inward, dividing where the vessels divide and thinning at each division |
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What forms the classic hepatic lobules? |
Fine trabeculae that pervade the entire organ and divide the liver into innumerable small units (the hepatic lobules) |
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On which species are hepatic lobules quite apparent? |
Dog and pig |
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What provides blood to the liver? |
Hepatic artery (branch of celiac artery) and portal vein |
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Which veins drain into the portal vein? |
Tributaries draining the digestive tract, pancreas and spleen
It is also connectedd to systemic veins in the cardioesophageal and rectoanal regions |
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Why are the systemic connections to the portal vein important? |
Provide alternative outlets for portal blood when the flow through the liver is obstructed or impaired
These connections are in the cardioesophageal and rectoanal regions |
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Which veins take blood away from the liver? |
central veins of the hepatic lobules form a few large hepatic veins that open into the caudal vena cava (which tunnels through the liver) |
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How is the liver capable of subtle regulation? |
Through various anastomoses (interarterial, intervenous and arteriovenous) and sphincter mechanisms |
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Where does the liver get sympathetic nerves from? |
Periarterial plexuses |
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Where does the liver get parasympathetic nerves from? |
Vagal trunk |
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What is the route of the hepatic duct system? |
Begins with microscopic canaliculi within the lobules
these open into larger ductules that form a few large hepatic ducts
These leave the liver at the porta then combine in a single trunk that runs to the duodenum
The cystic duct arises from the common trunk and leads to the gallbladder
The part of the common trunk distal to the origin of the cystic duct is known as the bile duct |
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What is another name for the bile duct? |
Ductus Choledochus |
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What does the gall bladder do? |
Stores bile and concentrates it by absorption through the folded mucosa |
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Which species lack a gallbladder and how do they cope without it? |
Horse and rat
Compensate by enlargement of the duct system |
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What type of innervation supplies the muscle of the bladder wall, duct and sphincter at the entrace of the duodenum? |
Parasympathetic nerves |
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How do you get rid of pain arising in the duct system? |
Section the splanchnic (sympathetic) nerves |
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Where is the pancreas located? |
In dorsal part of the abdominal cavity, close to the duodenum |
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What two functions does the pancreas have? |
Both exocrine and endocrine
Exocrine is more important - produces digestive juice that is discharged into the proximal part of the duodenum through one or two ducts. This juice contains enzymes that break down protein, carbs and fat
Endocrine component comprises the pancreatic islets - clumps of cells scattered between the exocrine acini and are the source of insulin, glucagon and gastrin = prime importance in carb metabolism |
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What is the general shape of the pancreas? |
Body and two lobes - more accurate for the dog, less so for other species |
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How is the canine pancreas situated by the duodenum? |
The apex of the V nestles close to the cranial flexure of the duodenum
The thin right lobe runs within the mesoduodenum
Thick, short left lobe extends over the caudal surface of the stomach toward the spleen, within the greater omentum |
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How do the pancreatic ducts drain the pancreas? |
Greater pancreatic duct opens into the duodenum together with or just beside the bile duct
The lesser (accessory) duct opens on the opposite aspect of the gut
Sometimes we will only see one duct though, and this is normal |
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Which arteries supply the pancreas? |
Cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery (branch of the celiac)
Caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery (branch of the cranial mesenteric) |
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Where do the pancreatic veins drain into? |
The portal vein |
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What is the innervation of the pancreas? |
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Where is the spleen located? |
In the left cranial part of the abdomen |
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What does the spleen connect to? |
The greater curvature of the stomach as it sits within the greater omentum |
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What is the shape of the spleen in the dog/cat, the pig, the cow and the horse? |
Dumbbell-shaped in dog and cat
Straplike in pig
Broad oblong in cattle
Falciform in horse |
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How is the spleen composition different in carnivores compared to ruminants? |
The capsule and trabeculae are more muscular in carnivores than in ruminants |
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Why does it matter that the spleen of a dog or cat can increase in size when its relaxed from its contracted state? |
The spleen can act as an effective reservoir from which cell content of the circulation may be recruited in times of stress |
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What is the red pulp of the spleen? |
Part of the soft tissue in the supporting framework
Consists of spaces in series with the blood vessels
Occupied by cellular elements of the blood |
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What is the white pulp of the spleen? |
Part of the soft tissue of the supporting framework
It is divided into foci just visible to the naked eye
Formed of lymph nodules within a supporting retucloendothelial framework
Has the usual lymphogenic and phagocytic properties |
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What are the 4 functions of the spleen? |
Blood storage *associated with the "stitch" pain from physical stress - the splenic capsule contracts
Removal of particulate matter from the circulation
Destruction of worn-out erythrocytes
Production of lymphocytes |
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Which artery supplies the spleen? |
Splenic artery (branch of the celiac) - quite large compared to the organ |
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Which vein drains the spleen? |
Splenic vein that leads to the portal vein |
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How does the arrangement of the splenic artery and vein differ among species? |
Ruminants: Artery and vein pass undivided through a confined hilus
Horse: run the length of the organ and detach branches at intervals
Dog/Cat: divide as they approach the spleen into branches that vascularize splenic compartments that are normally independent |
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What type of innervation does the spleen have and where do the nerves come in? |
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Approach with the artery |
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What connects the stomach and the spleen? |
The gastrosplenic ligament |
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What does the spleen develop from? |
The mesodermal condensation within the dorsal mesogastrium (which becomes the greater omentum) |
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In which animals is the thymus important? |
Young animals
It regresses around puberty and may eventually almost disappear |
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What is the origin of the thymus? |
The third pharyngeal pouch |
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Where does the thymus grow to? |
Grow down the neck beside the trachea and invade the mediastinum, in which they extend to the pericardium |
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What happens when the cervical part of the thymus regresses? |
Can regress prematurely in many species including dog
Then appears a single, median organ |
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What does the thymus look like at its highest point? |
Lobulated structure (resembles a salivary gland) that fills the ventral part of the cranial medastinum, fitting around the other contents of the space |
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What are the two different parts of the thymus and what do they produce? |
Cortex - produces immunocompetent T lymphocytes which enter bloodstream for distribution to the peripheral lymphoid organs (nodes and scattered lymph nodules) where they settle and multiply
Medulla - formed of epithelioid cells of speculative significance |
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Why is the thymus vitally important? |
Relevance to postnatal development and maintenance of immunological competence |
