Literature Midterm

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The Enlightenment

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-Late 17th- end of 18th century
-Voltaire, Newton, Locke
-Moliere and Pope
-human forms of knowledge became dominant model of truth rather than truth from the divine

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Passion

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logic, rational inquiry, critical thinking, skepticism, humans relying on own authority

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Reason

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emotion, desire for power, lust, blindly following what authority tells you

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divine right

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belief that monarchs governed with authority from God
-destroyed in enlightenment era

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conventions

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-used in the enlightenment period to achieve two central purposes: to delight and instruct

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Moliere

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- real name is Jean Baptiste Poquelin (1622-1673)
- Moliere is his stage name
- died a few hours after his stage performance
- wrote Tartuffe

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Tartuffe genre

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comedy

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comedy of manners

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comedy that targets social behavior for humorous criticism. It makes use of character types

ex: Madame Pernelle as the bossy, critical mother-in-law

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Heroic couplets

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rhyming couplets written in iambic pentameter, which has 10 syllables per line ( In French the equivalent is Alexandrine which has 12 syllables)

-Tartuffe is written in this

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dramatic irony

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device gives the audience some information that at least one character on stage doesnt have. It places the audience one step ahead of the character

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verbal irony

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figure of speech in which is intended meanins is the opposite of that expressed by the words used from sarcasm

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dues ex machine

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"God from the Machine"- device where an unsolvable problem is suddenly solved through some outside intervention

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Orgon

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-character in Tartuffe
-father
-becomes influenced by Tartuffe

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Elmire

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-character in Tartuffe
-Orgon's wife

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Damis

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-character in Tartuffe
-son of Orgon
-tries to prove Tartfuffe a hypocrite to Orgon but ends up getting thrown out for it

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Marianne

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-Character in Tartuffe
-Orgon's Daughter who is in love with Valere but being forced to marry Tartuffe

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Madame Pernelle

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-Character in Tartuffe
-Orgon's mother who is infatuated with Tartuffe

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Valere

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-Character in Tartuffe
-Mariane's suitor who is replaced by Tartuffe

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Cleante

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-Character in Tartuffe
-Orgon's brother in law who ties to get everyone to see things in calm and reason

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Tartuffe

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-character in Tartuffe
-religious hypocrite who gains Orgon's trust and betrays him

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Dorine

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-Character in Tartuffe
-Mariane's maid who is a cunning manipulator in the play

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Flipote

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-Character in Tartuffe
-maid of Madame Pernelle

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M. Loyal

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-Character in Tartuffe
- officer of law who serves Orgons eviction papers

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Alexander Pope

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- 1688-1744
-born during glorious revolution
- first "best seller"
- suffered from Pott's disease- spinal TB
- very artificial
-wrote The Rape of The Lock in English
-wrote in couplets

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mock epic

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work that makes use of epic conventions in order to poke fun at and critique matters
-Rape of the Lock
-uses epic conventions

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Satire

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use wit, exaggeration, and imitation to critisize vices with the aim of improving society

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hyperbole

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exaggeration

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Belinda

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- character in rape of the lock
-Belinda is based on the historical Arabella Fermor, a member of Pope’s circle of prominent Roman Catholics. Robert, Lord Petre (the Baron in the poem) had precipitated a rift between their two families by snipping off a lock of her hair.

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The Baron

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-character in Rape of the Lock
-This is the pseudonym for the historical Robert, Lord Petre, the young gentleman in Pope’s social circle who offended Arabella Fermor and her family by cutting off a lock of her hair. In the poem’s version of events, Arabella is known as Belinda.

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Caryl

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-character in ROTL
-The historical basis for the Caryl character is John Caryll, a friend of Pope and of the two families that had become estranged over the incident the poem relates. It was Caryll who suggested that Pope encourage a reconciliation by writing a humorous poem.

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Goddess

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-character in ROTL
-The muse who, according to classical convention, inspires poets to write their verses

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shock

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-character in ROTL
-Belinda's lapdog

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Ariel

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-character in ROTL
-Belinda’s guardian sylph, who oversees an army of invisible protective deities

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Umbriel

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-character in ROTL
-The chief gnome, who travels to the Cave of Spleen and returns with bundles of sighs and tears to aggravate Belinda’s vexation

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Brillante

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-character in ROTL
-the sylph who is assigned to guard Belinda’s earrings

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Momentilla

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-character in ROTL
-- The sylph who is assigned to guard Belinda’s watch

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Crispissa

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-character in ROTL
-The sylph who is assigned to guard Belinda’s “fav’rite Lock”

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Clarrissa

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-character in ROTL
-A woman in attendance at the Hampton Court party. She lends the Baron the pair of scissors with which he cuts Belinda’s hair, and later delivers a moralizing lecture.

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Thalestris

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-character in ROTL
-Belinda’s friend, named for the Queen of the Amazons and representing the historical Gertrude Morley, a friend of Pope’s and the wife of Sir George Browne (rendered as her “beau,” Sir Plume, in the poem). She eggs Belinda on in her anger and demands that the lock be returned.

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Sir Plume

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-character in ROTL
-Thalestris’s “beau,” who makes an ineffectual challenge to the Baron. He represents the historical Sir George Browne, a member of Pope’s social circle.

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John Keats

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-poetic career- 1816-1821
-died of TB, as did his mother and brother
-recognized for casting off style of 18th century writers like Pope
-wrote in English
-park of "Cockney school" (Wordsworth- "lake school)
-wrote The Nightningdale

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Lyric poetry

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short, emotionally effusive poetry that contains vivid sensory detail and may be musical

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ode

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lyric poem addressed to a person or thing, usua;;y laudatory

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the speaker

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voice behind the poem, the person we imagine to be speaking
-speaker is not the poet

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negative capability

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"when mad is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason"
-Keats coined term