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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When are we in a critical listening role?
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When we are being pressured or persuaded.
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What does the critical Role require of the listener?
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To evaluate a message and make a decision. Decision might be low risk, to take a break or go to a movie.
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What is the difference between the comprehensive and therapeutic roles, vs. the critical roles?
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The Comprehensive and Therapeutic roles are invaluable for human growth, they bring us understanding and empathy. The critical role helps us make wise thoughtful choices, it is crucial to know when we are in the critical role and what variables come into play in our decision making.
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What is the difference between the Critical roles and the Therapeutic?
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Therapeudic doesn't require you to make difficult decisions, only the critical role requires you to make decisions, if you aren't listening you could make an unsatisfactorty decision.
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What sorts of decision are critical?
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People asking us to volunteer for certain activities or clubs, appeals for new procedures, messages pushing us to make decisions, like girl scout cookies and adopting a kid.
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In order to make the best decision, we have to listen how?
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Holistically - listen to the believability, credibility, logical structure and arrangement of ideas, reasoning patterns, and the validity of the evidence.
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What are the 5 aspects of Credibility?
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Competence, character, intention, personality, and dynamism
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What is Competence?
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The product of knowledge, background, and achievements of the speaker. A person who has spent years exploring a topic through research and practice would be considered competent.
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What is an example of competence not transfereable to another?
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A famous airline piolot endorsing a type of shampoo.
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What is character?
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Comes from the speaker's honesty. We must generally accept that the person has our best interests in mind. Difficult to measure and understand, central to many of our decisions.
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What are Intentions?
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Closely related to character and trust. Does the coach care about e, or does he want to win at all costs? We listen critically to the intentions of the speaker and make decisions accordingly.
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What is Personality?
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Encompasses the traits that ake a person socially appealing. Is the person positive or negative? We prefer to listen to positive people because they recognize our good qualities, see the fun in life, and affirm and respect us all!
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What is Dynamism?
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The energy behind the message. It is not necessarily volume or animation, but intensity, sincerity, and genuineness, it is a willingness on the part of the speaker to let the strength of his or her feelings.
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Which groups receive higher credibility and believability? Which groups have the least amount of credibility and believability?
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Doctors, High School Teachers, and Policemen have the Highest Credibility
Advertising Professionals, Car Salesmen, and Telemarketers have the lowest credibility |
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What is Data?
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Facts, opinions, statistics and testimony which are used as the basis of proof for an assertion. Tangible, measurable, and can be examined and verified and the probability.
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Give four examples of data: Fact, Opinion, statistics, and Testimony
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Fact: the teperature fell to 30 degrees last night
Opinion: I think she would be a good addition to our staff Statistics: Between 40 percent of the crops will be planted Testimony: My 25 years in forecasting and studying weather data lead me to believe we'll have a cool dry summer |
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What are claims?
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Claims are what the sender wants us to do. They are solutions, conclusions, and actions to be considered. A claim is the goal of the persuasive message.
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What is an Analogy?
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Infers that if two things are alike in some respects, they could be alike in others. An electirtion who claims that a house needs new wiring, he uses an analogy comparing electrical systems which the homeowner knows very little about with water, which the homeowner knows a great deal about.
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What are signs?
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Signs suggest facts, conditions, or qualities that are not immediately evident, the are indications of something. Ex. You're carrying an umbrella, it must be raining.
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What is a Cause effect argument?
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This and only this caused that. EX. cigarette smoking causes lung cancer(cause-effect), so stop smoking (claim)
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What is an example of a cause-effect claim?
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The price of oil (cause) is slowing the economy (effect).
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What are Claims from Induction?
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Message that uses specific instances or facts to draw a general conclusion. Ex. I talked to the girls at my table (specific instances), and everybody's going to Joe's after that game (claim).
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What does the listener need to be aware of when listening to claims from induction?
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Listen for the number of individual testimonies that have led to the claim. Do the instances represent the whole? How many is everybody? Are there three opinions enough to determine the value of a seminar?
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What is deduction?
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Structures a message from general information to specific conclusions. Ex. Our games are always exciting, so I'm sure tonights game is going to be exciting. Ex. All of the coffee machines have good coffee, therefore the coffee machine on this floor will have good coffee.
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What are Warrents?
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statements that are generally believed by the listeners. Connect the data and claim. The link between the data and the claim, it is a general statement.
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What is the unstated warrant in the argument: You are using too much electricity, therefore you house needs to be required with bigger wire and more circuits.
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The physical activities of water are the same as the physical activities of electricity.
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What are the 4 claims and warrants found in persuasive messages?
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Claims from: signs, cause-effect, induction, and deduction
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What are inductive claims built from>
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specific instances to a general claim. Everybodys going to the game has the warrant: more than 80% of the people means everybody, Dada: 86% told me they were going to joes.
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What is a Claim arrived through deduction?
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C - tonights hoe game is going to be exciting
W - All games are exciting D - We are playing a home game tonight |
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What is backing?
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The data that prove the warrant, sometimes a listener might reject a warrant at fact value. Ex. according to a widely used book on survey statistics when a sample exceeds 85 %, the survey is said to include virtually the entire populaiton.
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What is a rebuttal?
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An escape hatch that puts certain restrictions on the claim: ex. there is a chance that the game won't be exciting - such as a key player being sick or misses the gae for some reason
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What is a qualifier?
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Gives the listener the degree of probability in actual percentages or with words like possibly, more than likely, probably, alost certainly, there is a good chance, and so on. ex. 85% (qualifier) of the group is going to Joe's after the game
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What is a Claim with a Qualifier and Rebuttal?
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There is a good chance (qualifier) that tonights game is going to be exciting (claim) unless Johnson's elbow isn't healed (rebuttal).
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What is ignoring or shifting the Burden of Proof?
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The sender has to prove his assertion. The proof has been ignored by the sender and shifted on to the listener. The active listener needs to shift the burden back to the sender with feedback and questions
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What is an example of Ignoring or Shifting the Burden of Proof?
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Give me one good reason why I cant have the car tonight
No, you need to show me why you should be able to have the car |
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What is begging the question or assuming?
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A question or issue has been begged when a portion of the assertion being given is assumed without proof to be true.
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What is an example of begging the question?
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Students accussed of cheating on the exam should be thrown out of school, no ifs, ands, or buts, because they cheated and cheating is wrong.
Cheating is assumed to have occured, the person could have just been looking out the window. |
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What is argumentu ad Hominem or attacking the person?
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Argument against the an. Politicians attack their opponents rather than the issues at stake. (could be legitimate if the opponent offers only unsupported personal opinions as proof)
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What is an example of Arguentum ad hominem?
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You know, a lepard can't change his spots. Weve delt with Mike Jones for years and we know he can't be trusted as far as you can throw him. No matter what he proposes regarding this matter, vote against it, it will not be in our best interests.
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What is a Straw Man or Red Herring?
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Both of these fallacies are structured to redirect the focus of the issues being argued. SM builds a scarecrow to be a target for discussion and the topic in its original for is ignored. Red Herring goes beyond distrotion of the original and replaces it with a new topic.
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What is an example of a straw man?
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Speaking about cars, and talking about the reliability of cars and changing to having to show that labor in the US is not up to others standards. This is because an unreasonable extention of the original assertion that had to do with automobile reliability was made.
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What is an example of a Red Herring?
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As long as you're discrediting transcendental mediation asa form of relazing, you wimght as well do away with the benefits of other systems of getting to know ourselves, like napping, listening to music, and going to church, the should be brought in because they have the sae effects.
The person takes a siple personal claim, i don't find TM helpful, and takes it to a new level by packing it with issues of napping, music and church attendance. |
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What is Unjustifiable Emotional Appeal or Pulling of the Heartstrings?
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Emotions are a natural and valuable part of human nature, and there is nothing wrong with reacting to emotional messages. Emotion is persuasive, its use is legitimate. Used to encourage someone to buckle up before driving or to get them to give up smoking is certainly noble.
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What is an example of pulling on the heartstrings?
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In late 1978 the world was shocked by a horror that as a fictional plot would have been rejected by the ost charitable editor of fantasy fiction as too preposterous to be considered. Who would believe that nearly a thousand adult humans would stand by while others urdered their children and close friend would then voluntarily drink grape flavored Kool Aid they knew had been mixed with poison. (the person goes on to connect this person with a new cult leader and ask if he will do the same thing)
Bill lent Jason his car while he was crying and wanting to see his Aunt one last time before she died. |
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What is hasty generalization or Faulty Induction?
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Inductive reasoning examines individual cases and uses the to make a generalized claim. If the sender makes a claim from too few specific cases or cases that are not appropriate the fallacy of hasty generalization exists.
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What is an example of Hasty Generalization?
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Men are lousy cooks. Yesterday I asked my brother to fix some soup and grilled cheese sandwiches for the kids. He and one of his buddies attempted the job and boiled soup all over the stove and burned the sandwiches.
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What is Stereotyping or they are all the same?
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Stereotyping is a way of thinking that focuses on similarities rather than differences. Categorizes people or things without considering individual differences.
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What are some example of Stereotyping?
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Shes a sorority woman, Hes a Harvard man, hes an alcoholic, Shes in her third marriage.
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What is disjunctive reasoning and Either/or?
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Disjunctive messages place something or someone in either one camp or the other.
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What is an example of disjunctive reasoning?
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Shes either a dedicated professional or a housewife. If the job can't be done the way I want it, don't do it at all. Look at the muscles on him, he must take steroids or work eight hours a day.
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What is an Oversimplified Cause, or it is obvious?
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As critical listeners, we need to listen for the two most frequent oversimplifications of the cause-clai relationship. 1. mistaking a minor or contributing cause as the main cause of the problem or 2. attaching a problem to one cause when there are several significant causes involved.
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What is an example of an oversimplified cause?
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If you give me 100 I could get out of this fix (is the money the only thing that will help)?
A new computer will really streamline your purchasing process (is the slow computer the reason for the problem?) |
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What is an Unexamined Analogy or Are these really the same?
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We critically listen to determine if there is one important difference in the analogical comparison. If there is, the analogy fails, and the listener should reject the claim.
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What is an example of an unexamined analogy?
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If you were walking on a deserted jungle path and found a mat woven out of plant stalks, one over the other, to make a rectangle two feety by three freet, you would assume that some intelligent being smarter than the plant stalks had worked with teh stalks and formed them into the mat right? Look at the intricate design of the universe. Isn't it reasonable that some intelligent being smarter than people and objects of the universe fashioned all of that?
This suggests that the pattern and structure of a at is the same as the pattern and the structure of the universe. No one knows that. |
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What are 5 forms of examining data?
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1. examples and illustrations
2. Testimony 3. definition 4. Statistics 5. visual aids |
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What are examples and illustrations?
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Specific instances that explain and clarify part of a message. Examples are short explanations, illustrations are longer and more detailed.
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What are the two types of testimony and what are the differences between the two?
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Expert Testimony: reports factual findings and recommends future plans, policies, or procedures
Witness Testimony: provides factual information without recommending future plans, policies, or procedures. |
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What is an example of expert and witness testimony>
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Expert: a physician who tells us that we should be exercising more often
Witness: helps determine whether something did or did not occur. I saw the car turn in front of Mrs. Thurmans car, causing an unavoidable situation |
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What is a definition? Why do we have to be listen in closely when hearing them?
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Definitions can prompt decisions. In this text, listening is defined as using both hemispheres of the brain to assign meaning to all sense input. By exception this definition we have accepted that the ideas we listen to with both sides of our brains.
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What are statistics and what are the 4 categories of statistics?
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Numbers that summarize findings or data
Central Tendence: Shows the pattern of gathered data with the mean or median. Correlation: shows the strength of a relationsihp between two variables. (correlation does not show causation) Differences: the range, which is merely subtracting the lowest from the highest score, can help us by showing differences. Where the range is high, there is greater diversity. Percentiles: help us picture the percentage of scores that are below a particular score. If someone is in the 97th percentile, it means that 97 percent of the competition was below this person. |
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What are visual aids?
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Visuals that are used with our eyes. Need to look to see if it is relevant or supporting the idea or clai being made. Might be interesting, but needs to apply.
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What are the differences between originality, plagiarism, lack or originality, drawing fro a common stock, and research?
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Originality - having an idea for the first time.
Plagerism - a second person comes along and uses the idea Lack of originality - A third person comes along and uses the idea Drawing from a common stock - a forth person draws from the idea Research - 5 th person draws from a common idea. |
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What are the Three Key features that are pronounced and pervasive in a campaign speech?
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Contrast
Repetition Mood of Indignation |
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What is Contrast?
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Primary principle of political speaking. Every election, the candidate has to paint a dark picture that will occur if their opponents are elected, while the bright picture will follow if they are elected.
Achieved by using certain words or expressions that are played off against one another in ways that emphasize conflicting ideas. |
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What is repetition?
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The recurring use of particular sounds words phrases or even a whole sentence has becoe a saple of political rhetoric. The repetition of specific sounds (alliteration) is widely used by speakers who hold the attention of the listeners.
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What recurring sentence does Dr. King use during his famous dream speech?
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Repetition - the phrase, I have a dream
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What is the mood of indignation?
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Does not come from manipulation of language, but a form of manipulation of our emotions. Political speakers try to get us worked up by arousing our emotions and getting us to bypass our rational thought processes.
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What is an example of mood of indignation?
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People arousing indignation towards the other political party, by taking something they said out of context and then saying "will we allow this blantant crap to occur?"
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What are two principles of Critical Listening that we need to employ to use wisely?
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We need to use Excess attention wisely, and switch off emotional attitudes.
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