Lisa's Disorders Of Circulation

Front 1

Edema

Back 1

Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in interstitial space or body cavities

Front 2

Inflammatory edema is caused directly by tissue injury. What four things causes non-inflammatory edema?

Back 2

1. increased hydrostatic pressure
2. decreased plasma oncotic pressure
3. lymphatic obstruction
4. sodium and water retention

Front 3

What is a classic edematus disease?

Back 3

CHF

Front 4

What is dependant edema?

Back 4

Think it is edema that's degree depends on how bad the underlying disease that is causing the edema is (CHF)

Front 5

What is anasarca?

Back 5

a medical symptom characterised by widespread swelling of the skin due to effusion of fluid into the extracellular space.
aka generalized edema

Front 6

What can anasarca lead to?

Back 6

Periorbital edema

Front 7

Compare and contrast hyperemia and congestion:

Back 7

Hyperemia = active hyperemia, blood collects in an organ due to increased blood flow. Ex. acute inflammation

Congestion: passive hyperemia, blood collects in an organ due to an obstruction in the outflowing veins. Ex. CHF

Front 8

What is hyperemia?

Back 8

the medical condition in which blood congests in a part of the body

Front 9

Chronic passive congestion is a form of congestion (passive hyperemia) with characterisitic changes in which three organs?

Back 9

Lungs, liver, spleen

Front 10

Why does chronic passive congestion occur?

Back 10

Caused by right heart failure (which is caused by left heart failure) p.123 Fig4-4

Front 11

Hydrothorax

Back 11

a condition that results from serous fluid accumulating in the pleural cavity

Front 12

Elephantiasis, causes?

Back 12

is a syndrome that is characterized by the thickening of the skin and underlying tissues, especially in the legs and genitals. Elephantiasis generally results from obstructions of the lymphatic vessels. It is most commonly caused by a parasitic disease known as lymphatic filariasis

Front 13

Cyanosis

Back 13

the bluish coloration of the skin due to the presence of deoxygenated hemoglobin in blood vessels near the skin sur

Front 14

Hemmorrhage

Back 14

a flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel

Front 15

Nutmeg liver

Back 15

caused by chronic passive congestion of the liver secondary to right heart failure. The liver appears "speckled" like a nutmeg, from the dilated, congested central veins (dark spots) and paler, unaffected surrounding liver tissue.

Front 16

Is there any hemorrhage that is normal?

Back 16

Menstruation is the ONLY normal hemorrhage! VIP

Front 17

Hematoma, commonly called?

Back 17

is a collection of blood, generally the result of hemorrhage, or, more specifically, internal bleeding. Hematomas are commonly called bruises and can also develop in organs

Front 18

Hemothorax

Back 18

a condition that results from blood accumulating in the pleural cavity. Its cause is usually traumatic, from a blunt or penetrating injury to the thorax, resulting in a rupture of either of the serous membrane lining the thorax and covering the lungs. This rupture allows blood to spill into the pleural space

Front 19

Hemoperitoneum

Back 19

the presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity

Front 20

Ecchymosis

Back 20

bruise

Front 21

Petechiae, example of when they can occur?

Back 21

a small red or purple spot on the body, caused by a minor hemorrhage (broken capillary blood vessels). Forceful coughing or vomiting can cause facial petechiae, especially around the eyes.

Front 22

Hemarthrosis, example of when it occurs?

Back 22

a bleeding in joint spaces, often occurring in life-threatening cases such as hemophilia where the bleeding does not stop

Front 23

Pupura

Back 23

the appearance of red or purple discolorations on the skin, caused by bleeding underneath the skin. Small spots are called petechiae, while large spots are called ecchymoses.

Front 24

Thrombosis

Back 24

formation of thrombus (blood clot) within a uninterrupted vascular system. It is a pathological process

Front 25

VIP: Fig 4-13

What are the three mechanisms of thrombosis?

Back 25

1. endothelial injury - inflammation, atherosclerosis
2. altered blood flow - stasis, A-fib
3. hypercoagulable state - protein C deficiency, smokers, use of oral contraceptives

Front 26

Embolism

Back 26

an intravascular substance (solid, liquid, gas) which is carried by blood from a point of origin to a distant site

Front 27

Phlebothrombosis

Back 27

thrombosis of a vein without inflammation of the vein (phlebitis)

Front 28

Homan's sign, what is done to elicit this sign? What does this look for?

Back 28

is said to be present when sharp dorsiflexion of the ankle by the examiner elicits sharp pain in the calf. It is caused by a thrombosis of the deep veins of the leg. This sign is rarely elicited in clinical practice because of the risk of embolisation and because it occurs in all lesions of the calf, making it diagnostically unhelpful

Front 29

Four types of emboli?

Back 29

1. fragments of thrombi (thromboembolism) - Classic
2. amnotic fluid
3. air (gas)
4. fat

Front 30

Saddle embolus

Back 30

an embolus that straddles the branching of an artery blocking both branches

Front 31

Infarction

Back 31

an area of ischemic necrosis within tissue or an organ, produced by occulsion of either its arterial supply or venous drainage

Front 32

What are the two types of infarcts? Are they independant of one another?

Back 32

1. White (ishemic) - caused by an arterial occlusion
2. Red (hemorrhagic) - caused by a venous occlusion

Usually it is not one or the other - they are on a continum.

Front 33

If there is an infarct in the lung which type of infarct is most likely?

Back 33

Hemmorrhagic

Front 34

If there is an infarct in the spleen or kidneys which type of infarct is most likely?

Back 34

Ischemic

Front 35

Four factors that influence the development of an infarct

Back 35

1. nature of the vascular supply
2. rate of development of the occlusion
3. vulnerability of tissue to hypoxia
4. oxygen content of blood

Front 36

What does the survival of the patient with a thrombus depend on?

Back 36

Depends on size and location of infarct as well as collateral circulation

Front 37

When could an asymptomatic infarct occur?

Back 37

If the occlusion (thrombus) occurs in secondary branches of an artery (ex. renal or pulmonary a.)

Front 38

Describe the pathogenisis of shock

Back 38

VIP - self study.

Front 39

When developing a differential diagnosis for abnormal bleeding what three abnormalities must be considered?

Back 39

Abnormalities in:
1. blood vessel wall
2. platelets
3. clotting factors

Front 40

List six types of shock and describe the pathogenesis of each (self-study)

Back 40

Look up