Lisa's Cells Are Injuried (10.9) Definitions

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Lesion

Back 1

A nonspecific term referring to abnormal tissue in the body

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Etiology

Back 2

A study of causation

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Pathogenesis

Back 3

Mechanism by which a certain etiological factor causes disease

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Ischemia

Back 4

A restriction of blood supply resulting in damage to tissues

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Anoxia

Back 5

A hypoxia in which there is a complete DEPRIVATION of oxygen supply

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Necrosis

Back 6

Accidental death of cells and living tissue that is less orderly than programmed cell death

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Karyolysis

Back 7

A process of cells undergoing necrosis in which the nucleus, which has been condensed into chromatin, is degraded by DNAase enzymes

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Pyknosis

Back 8

A process that occurs during necrosis in which the nucleus condenses into chromatin

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Karyorrhexis

Back 9

The fragmentation of the nucleus of a cell undergoing programmed cell death or necrosis

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Endocytosis

Back 10

A process by which cells absorb material from outside by engulfing it with their cell membrane

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Phagocytosis

Back 11

A form of endocytosis where large particles are enveloped by the cell membrane of a larger cell

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Pinocytosis

Back 12

A form of endocytosis in which small particles are taken in by the cell. Used primarily for the absorption of extracellular fluids. And it generates very small vesicles.

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Psammoma body

Back 13

A round collection of Ca seen microscopically and commonly seen in certain tumors such as thyroid and ovarian.

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Hyperplasia

Back 14

A general term for an increase in the NUMBER of cells of an organ or tissue causing it to increase the size.

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Hypertrophy

Back 15

The increase of the size of the organ not due to cell division.

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Metaplasia

Back 16

The replacement of one differentiated cell type with another differentiated cell type.

Front 17

What is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?

Back 17

During pregnancy - breast and uterus

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What is an example of physiologic atrophy (decrease in the size of the cell)?

Back 18

cessation of menses in postmenopausal women

Front 19

Clinical example of metaplasia?

Back 19

Normal endocervix (simple columnar) vs abnormal (squamous)

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Why does metaplasia occur?

Back 20

Body is trying to protect itself and it turns pathologic

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Is metaplasia reversible?

Back 21

Yes

Front 22

Which tissues are injuried worse: ischemia or hypoxic?

Back 22

Ischemic - since nutrients have also been compromised

Front 23

What intracellular systems are disrupted in: atherosclerosis and emphysema?

Back 23

Aerobic respiration

Front 24

When ATP is no longer available inside cell, what happens? (4)

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1. Na-K pump stops -> Na accumulates inside cell and water rushes in causing cell swelling
2. Also Ca pump fails - causes influx of Ca which damages mitochondria. Mito releases CytoC (apoptotic protein) to cause cell death
3. Ribosomes detach from RER leading to irreversible damage of necrosis.
4. Proteins can be misfolded causing death

Front 25

What does lead poisoning damage within the cell that is so bad?

Back 25

Synthesis of enzymatic and structural proteins.

Front 26

VIP

What two factors influence the degree of injury or death?

Back 26

1. depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
2. oxygen deprivation

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What is the end result of the hypoxic injury model?

Back 27

Cellular swelling caused by Na staying in and Ca moving in to cell.

Front 28

What are two reversible cell injuries?

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1. cellular swelling
2. steatosis (fatty change)

Front 29

What three radical species are created during the free radical injury model?

Back 29

H2O2, O2- (superoxide), and OH (hydroxyl radicals)

Front 30

What is happening to the body when someone OD'ed on Tylenol?

Back 30

Excessive free radical formation

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What are the three important effects of the three free oxygen radicals?

Back 31

1. lipid peroxidation of membrance - free radicals mix with oxygen causing peroxidation of lipids within the plasma and organellar membranes. This causes severe cellular damage.
2. oxidative modification of proteins - free radicals enhance degradation of proteins
3. lesion in DNA - free radicals cause cellular aging by making lesion in DNA

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VIP

Three mechanisms to remove free radicals and there by minimize injury:

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1. antioxidants (Vit C)
2. iron and copper - bind to reactive species
3.enzymes that are part of a free radical scavenging system.

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VIP

What removes perioxides from the cell?

Back 33

Perioxisomes

Front 34

Is there an inflammatory response in apoptosis?

Back 34

NO!!

Front 35

What is the color change necrotic tissue undergoes?

Back 35

They lose their normal basophilia and show an increased eosinophilia.

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In which, apoptosis or necrosis, is the cell's plasma membrane disrupted?

Back 36

Only necrosis

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VIP

Coagulation necrosis

Back 37

A pattern associated with severe ischemia (aka ischemic necrosis) and is usually in solid organs like heart and kidneys

Characteristics: ghost-like remnants of intact cells which lack nuclei.

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VIP

Liquifactive necrosis

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A pattern of necrosis associated with bacterial infections. Bacterial release enzymes causing rapid loss of cellular structure and a collection of liquid and debris (pus). Organ gets broken down.

Brain is where this occurs the most.

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VIP

Caseous Necrosis

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A pattern of necrosis that is associated with a unique inflammatory reaction, a granuloma. In lungs. Think TB.

Characterized by granular debris (dead cells) in the center of the granulomatous cell reaction. Tissue is soft and white, looking like cottage cheese.

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VIP

Enzymatic Fat Necrosis

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Term is used to describe focal cell death in the pancreas and adjacent fat. Enzymes from damaged pancreatic cells digest adipose cells.

Characterisitics: yellow-ish white insoluble soaps

Location: Breast and pancreas

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VIP

Gangrene

Back 41

Clinical term that represents coagulation necrosis of an extremity. And if bacteria contaminate dying tissue + liquifactive necrosis = wet gangrene

Front 42

What are Mallory bodies?

Back 42

"alcoholic hyalline" - an eosinophilic body in liver cells that is characteristic of liver disease. Caused by an accumulation of keratin filaments.

Front 43

What are Russell bodies?

Back 43

These are large homogenous eosinophilic inclusions caused by the synthesis of excessive amounts of normal secretory protein.

Front 44

Cellular side effect of diabetes mellitus?

Back 44

Glycogen deposits in the epithelial cells of the distal portions of the proximal tubule, loop of henle, liver, pancreas, and heart

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What is Niemann-Pick disease?

Back 45

Lysosomal storage disease that has a defective enzyme that moves cholesterol - so cholesterol accumulates

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What is Pompe disease?

Back 46

A glycogen storage disease that causes glycogen to be stored every where - including the heart

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VIP

Compare and contrast dystrophic calcification with metastatic calcification:

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Dystrophic: calcification that occurs as a result of necrosis or tissue damage.

Metastatic: occurs in normal tissues when there is hypercalcemia.