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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 forms of energy?
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Lipids
Carbohydrates Glucose |
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Definition of Lipids
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Group of structurally and functionally diverse biomolecules that don't dissolve in water
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What are body fuel stores?
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Fat
Protein Muscle Glycogen Liver Glycogen |
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What are the two elements of fatty acid structure?
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- Carboxylic acid group
- a long hydrocarbon chain |
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What are some characteristics of a long hydrocarbon chain on a fatty acid?
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- chain length ranges from 4 to 30 carbons, 12-24 is most common
- chain is normally linear and has an even number of carbons |
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What is the most common unsaturated fatty acid in the body?
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a single double bond, comprising about half of the total unsaturated FA
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What is the common orientation of double bonds in the body?
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cis
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If there is more than one double bond how often do they occur?
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Every three carbons
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Trivial names
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- derive from common source of the compound or from which it was first isolated
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IUPAC Names
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follow nomenclature conventions of the international union of pure and applied chemistry
- carboxyl carbon is denoted by the number one, and positions in the chain are denoted with reference to it |
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Omega Reference system
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Indicates number of carbons, number of double bonds, and position of the double bond closest to omega carbon
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Which carbon is the omega carbon?
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carbon furthest from carboxyl group
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Carboxyl reference system
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- indicates number of carbons, the number of double bonds, and the positions of the double bonds counting from the carboxyl carbon
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What are the four types of lipids?
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Fatty Acids
Glycerides Complex Lipids Nonglycerides |
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What are the complex lipids?
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lipoproteins
glycolipids |
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What are the nonglycerides?
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Sphingolipids
Waxes |
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Which source of body fuel provides the most energy?
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Fat/LIpids
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Why are lipids such an efficient source of energy?
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They are more reduced and have no water
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What makes up a neutral glyceride?
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fatty acid group
glycerol backbone |
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How many fatty acid chains can a neurtral glyceride have?
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1-3 FA chains
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Is the combination of glycerol and a fatty acid neutral or charged? polar or non polar?
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Neutral and non polar
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What is structurally different about a phosphoglyceride?
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one fatty acid chain is replaced with a phosphate group
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What are the uses of phosphoglycerides?
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Production of cell membrane
emulsifying agent that helps break down lipids in small intestine |
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What is an example of a phosphoglyceride?
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lecithin or phosphotidylcholine
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What are the possible X groups that attach to the phosphate of a lipid?
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- Choline
- Ethanolamine - Inositol - Serine |
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What is phosphatidate?
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precursor of glycerophospholipids
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In the synthesis of phosphatidate, where can the synthesis take place?
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Liver or
Adipose Tissue |
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In the liver when synthesis of phosphatidate occurs, what is the enzyme used ot create glycerol-3-P?Is it present in adipose tissue?
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- glycerol kinase
- No high levels in the kidney |
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In the adipose tissue in the synthesis of phosphatidate, what is teh enzyme used to create glycerol-3-P? What is the reactant of the reaction in the adipose? Is the enzyme present in the liver?
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- glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase
- Dihydroxy acetone phosphate - Yes but high levels are present in adipose |
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What enxymes are used in the synthesis of phosphatidilate to add the FA chains to glycerol-3-P?
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acyl transferases
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What are the three nonglycerine lipids?
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sphingolipids
waxes steroids |
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What is different about nonglycerides from other types of lipids?
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- No glycerol backbone
- NOT derived form fat |
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What are the sphingolipids primarily used for?
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In nerve tissue in myelin sheath
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What portion of lipids in people are sphingolipids?
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25%
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What are the 4 parts to a sphingolipid?
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- sphingosine: backbone replaces glycerol
- one fatty acid - phosphate - choline |
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What makes up the sphingosine back bone?
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- one FA and one amino acid
- serine + palmitoyl-CoA |
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What is ceramide primarily used for?
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Powerful signal transaction molecule
Attachments for sphingolipids attach to ceramide |
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What are the attachments to the sphingosine backbone to form a glycosphigolipid?
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- sulfogalactosylceramide
- lactosylceramide - globoside - Forssman antigen - ganglioside GM2 - ganglioside GQ1b |
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What are the functions of glycosphingolipids?
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- mediate
- modulate - maintain |
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What is inolved with teh mediate function of a glycosphingolipid?
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-cell-cell interactions
- cell-matrix interactions - cell-microbe interactions |
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What is involved in teh modulate function of a glycosphingolipids?
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-antiproliferation responses
- protein kinase activity - growth factor receptor activity |
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What is involved in the maintaing function of a glycosphingolipid?
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- structural rigidity in membranes
- membrane protein conformation |
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Which form of lipid is the only storage lipid? why?
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- acyl glycerols or glycerol backbone and 3 FA chains
- only lipid without polar head group |
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Amphipathic
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can stay in the biological membrane
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What is the name of a phospholipid that arranges itself into a circle of phospholipids in aqueous solution?
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liposome or vesical
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What form of diffusion in lipid bilayer is slow?
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Transverse diffusion
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Which phospholipids are more prevalent in the outer lipid membrane?
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sphingomyelin
phosphotidylcholine |
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Which phospholipids are more prevalent in teh inner lipid membrane?
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phosphatedylethanolamine
phosphatidyl serine |
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What is the base structure of steroids?
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1 5 carbon ring
3 6 carbon ring 1 polar OH |
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What is the precursor for steroid hormones?
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cholesterol
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What all is cholesterol a precursor of?
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steroid hormones, vitamin D and bile salts
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What purpose does cholesterol serve in the lipid membrane?
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membrane fluidity
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What is cholate?
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anion form of bile acid
biological detergent that dissolves lipids |
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What are two bile salts? What are they attached to to form bile lipids?
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- glycocholate, taurocholate
- link to cholesterol |
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What does an excess of cholesteroal cause?
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hardening of arteries
plaque formation |
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What does cholesterol hardening your arteries result in?
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- increased blood pressure from: narrowing of arteries, reduced ability to stretch
- Clot formation leading to: hearth attack and stroke |
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What two reproductive hormones are steroids?
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Progesterone
testosterone |
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What are the three membrane lipids that transduct signals into the cell?
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-Phosphotidyl inositol 4, 5 P
- Phosphatidylcholine - sphingomyelin |
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What does phosphatidylinositol 4,5 give rise to and which phospholipase?
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Phospholipase C
Inositol 4, 5 and Diacyl glycerol |
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What does the membrane lipid phosphotidylcholine give rise to? What phospholipase is present?
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- Unsaturated fatty acids - Phospholipase A
- Phosphatidate - phospholipase D - Diacylglycerol - phospholipase C |
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What does th membrane lipid sphingomyelin give rise to? What phospholipase is present?
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Ceramide
Phospholipase C |
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What do the unsaturated Fatty acids give rise to?
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Eicosanoids
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What are the Eicasonoids?
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Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes Leukotrienes |
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What are the three biologically significant eicosanoids derived from?
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C20 fatty acid, Arachidonic acid
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All cells except _________ synthesize eicosanoids
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Erythrocytes
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What are the biological effects of prostaglandins?
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- stimulation of smooth muscles
- regulation of steroid production - inhibition of steroid production - inhibition of gastric secretion - inhibition of hormone sensitive lipases - inhibition/stimulation of platelet aggregation - regulation of nerve transmission - sensitization to pain - mediation of inflammatory response |
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What are teh water soluble vitamins?
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B complex
Folacins C These vitamins are generally not stored |
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
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ADEK
Generall stored |
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What are the thromboxanes made in?
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platelets
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What is the function of thromboxanes?
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- Induces platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction
- lymphocytes proliferation and bronchoconstriction |
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What are the leukotrienes made or come from?
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- WBC and epithelial cells
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What are the functions of leukotrienes?
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- induces leukocyte chemotaxis and aggregation
- vascular permeability and bronchoconstriction |
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In the initial metabolism of vitamin A what is the reaction and enzymes?
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- Beta carotene is split by 15, 15-dioxygenase to form 2 retinal
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What stereoisomer position are the excited forms of retinal?Dark?
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- All-trans-retinal
- 11-cis-retinal |
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What are teh vitamin A derived metabolites? Function?
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- retinal (all-trans) and retinal (11-cis) ---->Vision
- Retinoic acid (all trans) and retinoic acid (9 cis)----> cellular differentiation, morphogenesis, reproduction, immune receptors |
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What causes a vitamin A deficiency?
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- insufficiency in provitamin forms, principally beta carotene
- altered synthesis of plasma retinol binding pattern (liver dysfunction, ZN2+ deficiency) |
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What are the syndromes of vitamine A deficiency?
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- night blindness, blindness
- skin lesions (follicular hyperkeratosis) - vulnerability to infections |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin A toxicity?
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Nausea, weight loss, liver damage, joint pain
Congenital malformations during pregnancy |
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Vitamin D metabolism, what is teh reaction and where does it happen?
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Skin--> Cholesterol with UV light forms vitamin D3
Kidney--> 1a hydroxylase adds OH to vitamin D3 Liver--> 25 hydroxylase adds OH to vitamin D3 Forms 1,25-dihydroxycholecaciferol |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?
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Rickets
Osteomalacia anything dealing with bone problems |
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What are the symptoms of vitamin D toxicity?
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weakness, loss of appetite, unusualy thirst, nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, and increased Ca2+
reabsorption from bones and deposition in soft tissues |
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Where is vitamin E found?
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Wheat germ
Eggs Vegetable oil |
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Vitamin E is a mixture of several related compounds known as _______.
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Tocopherols
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What is the function of Vitamin E?
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serves as antioxidant
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What is teh syndrome associated with vitamin E deficiency?
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Neuronal degradation of spinal cord and peripheral axons
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What are the different forms of the K vitamin and their functions? Main functino of all K vitamins?
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- K1--->occur naturally in green veges
- K2----> intestinal bacteria - K3---->synthetic menadione - maintenance of normal levels of blood clotting problems |
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What is syndrome of vitamin K deficiency?
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increased prothrombin in time, leading to easy bruisability and bleeding tendency
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